THE BMZ ACADEMY
THE BMZ ACADEMY
053 8213
BMZ ACADEMY 061 262 1185/068 053 8213Page 1 of 76
, THE BMZ ACADEMY
Table of Contents
QUESTION 1 ................................................................................................................ 11
Introduction ................................................................................................................ 11
Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security in Africa ...................................... 12
Understanding Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) ....................................... 12
Potential Benefits of GMOs for Food Security ........................................................ 13
Risks and Controversies Surrounding GMOs ......................................................... 14
Who Benefits from GMOs? ..................................................................................... 15
Who Does Not Benefit from GMOs? ....................................................................... 15
Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Biodiversity................................................... 16
Alternative Approaches to Food Security ................................................................ 16
Critical Reflection on GMOs and Food Security ..................................................... 17
Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 17
References................................................................................................................. 19
QUESTION 2. ............................................................................................................... 20
Introduction ................................................................................................................ 20
The Origins and Evolution of Sustainable Development ......................................... 21
Weak vs. Strong Sustainability ............................................................................... 21
Three-Pillar Model of SD ........................................................................................ 21
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, THE BMZ ACADEMY
Ecological Modernisation ........................................................................................ 22
Radical and Transformative Approaches ................................................................ 22
Energy and Material Use as Drivers of Environmental Degradation ....................... 22
Implications for Policy ............................................................................................. 23
Integrating Sustainability into Development Policy ................................................. 23
Market-Based vs. Regulatory Approaches ............................................................. 23
Energy Transitions and Renewable Policies ........................................................... 23
Material Circularity and Waste Reduction ............................................................... 24
Implications for Practice .......................................................................................... 24
Corporate Sustainability Practices .......................................................................... 24
Community-Based and Local Practices .................................................................. 24
Research and Knowledge Integration ..................................................................... 25
Challenges and Critiques ........................................................................................ 25
Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 25
References................................................................................................................. 27
QUESTION 3. ............................................................................................................... 28
Introduction ................................................................................................................ 28
Conceptualising Indigenous Knowledge Systems .................................................. 29
IKS and Environmental Stewardship ...................................................................... 29
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, THE BMZ ACADEMY
IKS and Social Sustainability .................................................................................. 30
IKS in a Globalising World ...................................................................................... 30
Integrating IKS and Scientific Knowledge ............................................................... 31
IKS and Policy Frameworks .................................................................................... 32
Critics and Limitations of IKS .................................................................................. 32
IKS, Globalisation, and the Future of Sustainable Development ............................ 33
Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 33
References................................................................................................................. 35
QUESTION 4 ................................................................................................................ 36
China’s Economic Growth, Sustainable Development Policies, and Ecological
Challenges ................................................................................................................... 36
Introduction ................................................................................................................ 36
China’s Economic Growth Trajectory...................................................................... 37
Environmental Impacts of Growth ........................................................................... 37
i. Air Pollution ..................................................................................................... 37
ii. Water Scarcity and Pollution ........................................................................... 38
iii. Land Degradation and Biodiversity Loss ......................................................... 38
iv. Climate Change Contribution .......................................................................... 38
China’s Sustainable Development Policy Evolution ................................................ 38
BMZ ACADEMY 061 262 1185/068 053 8213Page 4 of 76
THE BMZ ACADEMY
053 8213
BMZ ACADEMY 061 262 1185/068 053 8213Page 1 of 76
, THE BMZ ACADEMY
Table of Contents
QUESTION 1 ................................................................................................................ 11
Introduction ................................................................................................................ 11
Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security in Africa ...................................... 12
Understanding Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) ....................................... 12
Potential Benefits of GMOs for Food Security ........................................................ 13
Risks and Controversies Surrounding GMOs ......................................................... 14
Who Benefits from GMOs? ..................................................................................... 15
Who Does Not Benefit from GMOs? ....................................................................... 15
Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Biodiversity................................................... 16
Alternative Approaches to Food Security ................................................................ 16
Critical Reflection on GMOs and Food Security ..................................................... 17
Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 17
References................................................................................................................. 19
QUESTION 2. ............................................................................................................... 20
Introduction ................................................................................................................ 20
The Origins and Evolution of Sustainable Development ......................................... 21
Weak vs. Strong Sustainability ............................................................................... 21
Three-Pillar Model of SD ........................................................................................ 21
BMZ ACADEMY 061 262 1185/068 053 8213Page 2 of 76
, THE BMZ ACADEMY
Ecological Modernisation ........................................................................................ 22
Radical and Transformative Approaches ................................................................ 22
Energy and Material Use as Drivers of Environmental Degradation ....................... 22
Implications for Policy ............................................................................................. 23
Integrating Sustainability into Development Policy ................................................. 23
Market-Based vs. Regulatory Approaches ............................................................. 23
Energy Transitions and Renewable Policies ........................................................... 23
Material Circularity and Waste Reduction ............................................................... 24
Implications for Practice .......................................................................................... 24
Corporate Sustainability Practices .......................................................................... 24
Community-Based and Local Practices .................................................................. 24
Research and Knowledge Integration ..................................................................... 25
Challenges and Critiques ........................................................................................ 25
Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 25
References................................................................................................................. 27
QUESTION 3. ............................................................................................................... 28
Introduction ................................................................................................................ 28
Conceptualising Indigenous Knowledge Systems .................................................. 29
IKS and Environmental Stewardship ...................................................................... 29
BMZ ACADEMY 061 262 1185/068 053 8213Page 3 of 76
, THE BMZ ACADEMY
IKS and Social Sustainability .................................................................................. 30
IKS in a Globalising World ...................................................................................... 30
Integrating IKS and Scientific Knowledge ............................................................... 31
IKS and Policy Frameworks .................................................................................... 32
Critics and Limitations of IKS .................................................................................. 32
IKS, Globalisation, and the Future of Sustainable Development ............................ 33
Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 33
References................................................................................................................. 35
QUESTION 4 ................................................................................................................ 36
China’s Economic Growth, Sustainable Development Policies, and Ecological
Challenges ................................................................................................................... 36
Introduction ................................................................................................................ 36
China’s Economic Growth Trajectory...................................................................... 37
Environmental Impacts of Growth ........................................................................... 37
i. Air Pollution ..................................................................................................... 37
ii. Water Scarcity and Pollution ........................................................................... 38
iii. Land Degradation and Biodiversity Loss ......................................................... 38
iv. Climate Change Contribution .......................................................................... 38
China’s Sustainable Development Policy Evolution ................................................ 38
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