ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Certificate
exam 2022/2023 with 100% correct answers
/. Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage - Answer-
/.Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function - Answer-
/.The Normal Cell Cycle - Answer--The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of
processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes
molecular information
/.Interphase and Mitotic Phase - Answer-Cell division produces two identical cells
through these two major phases
/.During interphase: - Answer-Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the following
three steps:
1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
/.First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - Answer--cells increase in size
-reproduce RNA
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
/.Synthesis Phase (S phase) - Answer--DNA replicates
-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
/.Mitotic Phase (M phase) - Answer--Replicated chromosomes are aligned, separated,
and move into 2 new, identical daughter cells
,-takes about 30-60 minutes
/.Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from - Answer--G1 checkpoint
-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
-M phase
/.Restriction Point - Answer--The transition from the resting phase into an actively
dividing phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur
-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction point
-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to send the
cells past the restriction point, or the point of no return
/.G0 Phase (resting phase) - Answer--After mitosis, cells may enter back into the G1
phase or go into a resting phase, known as G0
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
/.-Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) - Answer--Exceptions to
this are those that are metabollically active, such as
-granulocytes
-and the epithelium of the GI tract
/.Cell Cycling Time - Answer-Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis
/.Cell cycle video and image - Answer-
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation_
_how_the_cell_cycle_works.html
/.Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control - Answer--The cell cycle is
carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can alter the
genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and
disease, such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through mitosis
,/.Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: - Answer-1.
cyclines (D, E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell cycle
/.Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs - Answer--(G0-G1) : Cyclin D and
CDK 4/6
-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
-Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2
-G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A
-Before M: CDK 1 and Cyclin B
/.Inhibitory proteins - Answer--prevent progression of the cycle when DNA damage is
detected
-An example of an inhibitory protein is p53 (AKA TP53)
/.DNA Damage Checkpoints - Answer--If DNA damage is present, cells are
programmed to stop dividing or undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)
-The retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, and p21 are some of the most well-understood
inhibitory proteins (IP)
/.Inhibitory proteins p53 - Answer--Levels of this IP regulate several important target
genes
-Will increase when DNA damage is present
-Protects against inappropriate signal proliferation
-sometimes called the "suicide gene"
/.M Phase Checkpoints - Answer-When the cells prepare to divide, the chromosomes
line up in the mitotic spindle.
If the chromosomes are not properly aligned, division is not allowed to continue
/.Immunity - Answer-
/.Cells of the Immune System - Answer-
, /.Pluripotent Stem Cell - Answer--The cells of the immune system are created in the
bome marrow from what is know as a ___
-A stem cell that can differentiate into any cell type except for extraembryotic tissue,
does not yet have a function
/.Myeolid Precursor Cells - Answer-Mature into:
-RBCS
-Plts
-WBCs (Granulocytes)
/.Lymphoid Precursor Cells - Answer-Mature into:
-Specialized WBCs called lymphocytes (Agranulocytes)
/.Lines of Defense: The Immune System's Response to Attack - Answer-Consists of 2
types of immunity:
1: Innate
2: Adaptive
/.Innate Immunity - Answer--First line of defense against a pathogen
-Does not retain memory of the entity
-Involves the following:
(skin, mucous membranes, and normal flora of the skin and gut)
(Cellular components such as phagocytes, natural killer cells, granulocytes, and
macrophages)
/.1. Phagocytes
2. Natural Killer Cells
3. Granulocytes
4. Macrophages - Answer-1.Cells that engulf and destroy invader
2. Cells that sense receptors on self and non-self to determine if they should kill or not
3. Type of WBC that have granules (Neutrophils
Eosinophils - parasites
Basophils - release histamine to stimulate immune response)
4. Large phagocytic cells stimulated by infection
/.Adaptive Immunity - Answer--Stimulated if innate immunity is insufficient
-leads to immune system memory
exam 2022/2023 with 100% correct answers
/. Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage - Answer-
/.Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function - Answer-
/.The Normal Cell Cycle - Answer--The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of
processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes
molecular information
/.Interphase and Mitotic Phase - Answer-Cell division produces two identical cells
through these two major phases
/.During interphase: - Answer-Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the following
three steps:
1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
/.First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - Answer--cells increase in size
-reproduce RNA
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
/.Synthesis Phase (S phase) - Answer--DNA replicates
-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
/.Mitotic Phase (M phase) - Answer--Replicated chromosomes are aligned, separated,
and move into 2 new, identical daughter cells
,-takes about 30-60 minutes
/.Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from - Answer--G1 checkpoint
-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
-M phase
/.Restriction Point - Answer--The transition from the resting phase into an actively
dividing phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur
-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction point
-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to send the
cells past the restriction point, or the point of no return
/.G0 Phase (resting phase) - Answer--After mitosis, cells may enter back into the G1
phase or go into a resting phase, known as G0
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
/.-Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) - Answer--Exceptions to
this are those that are metabollically active, such as
-granulocytes
-and the epithelium of the GI tract
/.Cell Cycling Time - Answer-Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis
/.Cell cycle video and image - Answer-
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation_
_how_the_cell_cycle_works.html
/.Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control - Answer--The cell cycle is
carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can alter the
genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and
disease, such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through mitosis
,/.Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: - Answer-1.
cyclines (D, E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell cycle
/.Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs - Answer--(G0-G1) : Cyclin D and
CDK 4/6
-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
-Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2
-G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A
-Before M: CDK 1 and Cyclin B
/.Inhibitory proteins - Answer--prevent progression of the cycle when DNA damage is
detected
-An example of an inhibitory protein is p53 (AKA TP53)
/.DNA Damage Checkpoints - Answer--If DNA damage is present, cells are
programmed to stop dividing or undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)
-The retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, and p21 are some of the most well-understood
inhibitory proteins (IP)
/.Inhibitory proteins p53 - Answer--Levels of this IP regulate several important target
genes
-Will increase when DNA damage is present
-Protects against inappropriate signal proliferation
-sometimes called the "suicide gene"
/.M Phase Checkpoints - Answer-When the cells prepare to divide, the chromosomes
line up in the mitotic spindle.
If the chromosomes are not properly aligned, division is not allowed to continue
/.Immunity - Answer-
/.Cells of the Immune System - Answer-
, /.Pluripotent Stem Cell - Answer--The cells of the immune system are created in the
bome marrow from what is know as a ___
-A stem cell that can differentiate into any cell type except for extraembryotic tissue,
does not yet have a function
/.Myeolid Precursor Cells - Answer-Mature into:
-RBCS
-Plts
-WBCs (Granulocytes)
/.Lymphoid Precursor Cells - Answer-Mature into:
-Specialized WBCs called lymphocytes (Agranulocytes)
/.Lines of Defense: The Immune System's Response to Attack - Answer-Consists of 2
types of immunity:
1: Innate
2: Adaptive
/.Innate Immunity - Answer--First line of defense against a pathogen
-Does not retain memory of the entity
-Involves the following:
(skin, mucous membranes, and normal flora of the skin and gut)
(Cellular components such as phagocytes, natural killer cells, granulocytes, and
macrophages)
/.1. Phagocytes
2. Natural Killer Cells
3. Granulocytes
4. Macrophages - Answer-1.Cells that engulf and destroy invader
2. Cells that sense receptors on self and non-self to determine if they should kill or not
3. Type of WBC that have granules (Neutrophils
Eosinophils - parasites
Basophils - release histamine to stimulate immune response)
4. Large phagocytic cells stimulated by infection
/.Adaptive Immunity - Answer--Stimulated if innate immunity is insufficient
-leads to immune system memory
