Pharmacology Module #1,#2 & #3 EXAM
REVIEW, pharmacology module 3, Adv
Pharm 5334 UTA Exam 1
- ANS -
\___ is the inability of opposing muscle groups to move in a coordinated manner. The two types
include ___, which is a single, prolonged contraction, and ____, which is multiple, rapidly
repeated contractions. - ANS - Spasticity; tonic; clonic
\____ increase the effectiveness of cough by increasing expiratory cough airflow or by
unsticking highly adhesive secretions for the airway walls. - ANS - mucolytics
\_____ are powerful drugs that can quickly reduce inflammatory responses and pain in treating
joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. They are produced from hormones secreted by the
adrenal cortex and can be administered to palliate arthritis - either taken orally or by
intra-articular injection. To maximize benefits, but minimize potential side effects, these drugs
are usually prescribed in low doses and/or for short durations. - ANS - Glucocorticoids
\______ facilitate the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin and are indicated for the
management of ________, - ANS - Thrombolytics; severe pulmonary embolism
\_______ medications may change the heart rate by affecting the nerves controlling the heart, or
by changing the rhythm produced by the sinoatrial nerve thus converting the heart beat to a
normal sinus rhythm. Positive effects ____ heart rate; while negative effects _____ heart rate. -
ANS - Chronotropic; increase; decrease
\- Trough Level - ANS - - The lowest concentration of the drug, normally drawn prior to the next
dose
\"Free Drug" - ANS - - The drug that is not bound to protein that is free to exert a therapeutic
effect
\"Right assessment", meaning that? - ANS - - you perform the correct assessment prior to
administering the medication.
\"Right Documentation" - ANS - - important for patient safety.
- This is widely known as the "sixth right". The nurse should document timely and include all
pertinent information. Later in this lecture, more information will be provided about
documentation.
\"Right reason" - ANS - - using appropriate medications to treat patient problems.
- This is important if the doctor prescribes acetaminophen (brand name is Tylenol) for fever, it is
not appropriate to administer it for pain. You would need to contact the prescriber and ask if the
Tylenol can also be administered for pain. Also, the nurse should review the patient's history
and ask the patient why they are on each medication.
\"Right Response" or "Right Evaluation" refers to - ANS - evaluating the patient's response to a
medication, looking for desired and undesired responses
,\"Right route and Form" - ANS - - requires a complete order from a prescriber (if a route is not
included, contact the prescriber and ask for a clarification). Never assume the route.
\"Right to refuse" refers to - ANS - - the patient's right to refuse any treatment that they wish, for
any reason.
- If a patient refuses a medication, ask why they are refusing it, and re-educate the patient about
the medication. If they still refuse, you must notify the prescriber and document the refusal.
\(5) things that can impact absorption? (basic not definitions too) - ANS - - Blood flow
- Food
- Temperature of food
- Gastric pH
- Interactions of medications
\*** After ____ half-lives, most drugs are considered to be removed from the body, with
approximately ______% of the drug remaining in the system. - ANS - - 5
- 3%
\*** Equilibrium is when .... - ANS - - The amount of the drug excreted is = to the amount
absorbed from each dose
\*** Steady state normally occurs after how many half-lifes? - ANS - - 4-5
\A 26 year old African American diagnosed with AIDS, and also a heroine abuser, presents with
hypertension, microscopic hematuria, and renal insufficiency. The disease does not go away
with steroid therapy. What is a key feature on immunofluorescence? - ANS - IgM and C3
deposition
\A 7 year old child presents with hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia, and proteinuria. The
edema is in the periorbital region initially and eventually spreads to the rest of the body. The
patient is given steroid therapy and the disease goes away. What is a key morphological feature
of the patients disease? - ANS - fusion of the foot processes
\A client is to receive .25 digoxin. On hand, the nurse has tablets labeled 125 mcg digoxin. How
many tablets will the nurse administer? - ANS - - How to: 1 tablet = 125 mcg, 1mg = 1,000 mcg
- Step #1: multiply .25 mg by 1,000 mcg
-- (.25 mg / 1) (1,000 mcg / 1mg) = 250 mcg
- Step #2: 1 tablet = 125 mcg & patients need 250 mcg
-- 125 mcg (2) = 250
- ANSWER: 2 tablets
\A client receives 10 mg of morphine orally at home for pain management. The client is in the
emergency department and is to receive 4 mg of morphine IV for severe pain. The client asks
the nurse why they are only getting 4mg of IV morphine when at home they take 10mg of
morphine. What is the best response by the nurse? - ANS - Intravenous medications go directly
into the bloodstream while oral medications must first go through the liver and some of the
medication is made inactive
\A client will start on an anticonvulsant drug that has a half-life of up to 42 hours, When will the
patient achieve steady state? Between ________ and ______ days. - ANS - - How to find:
, Steady state occurs at about 4-5 half-lives. Therefore you multiply (4)(42) & (5)(42) to get the
range
- Answer: 7 days - 9 days
\A client with seasonal allergies takes diphenhydramine at bedtime to help their symptoms. The
client becomes hyperactive and is unable to sleep. What type of reaction is the patient
experiencing? - ANS - Paradoxical Reaction
\A common adverse effect of laxative stimulants is abnormal dark pigmentation of the colon,
referred to as ____. - ANS - melanosis
\A drug that is absorbed through the intestines must ______ pass through the _______ before it
reaches the ________ circulation. - ANS - - A drug that is absorbed through the intestines must
first pass through the liver before it reaches the systemic circulation
\A generic name is the proprietary name and is generally written with a capital first letter. True or
False? - ANS - False, non-proprietary name
\A patient presents with symptoms of nephrotic syndrome. The disease is immune complex
mediated and is known to create an increase in glomerular basement membrane size. IgG and
C3 levels are deposited along the basement membrane. Which of the following would best
describe the morphology of the disease? - ANS - proliferation of new basement membrane
between complexes, spike and dome pattern
\A patient with high serum cholesterol and increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is at risk for
____.
____ is a higher than normal levels of cholesterol in the blood. - ANS - atherosclerotic coronary
disease; Hypercholesterolemia
\A patient, who has diabetes mellitus, has been prescribed baclofen for muscle spasticity after
injury. What special instruction would you give to this patient? - ANS - Monitor blood glucose for
hyperglycemia.
\A significant side effect of many drugs in this category (particularly the anticholinergics and
antihistamines) is - ANS - drowsiness
\Absorption: neonatal and pediatric considerations. Gastric pH? Gastric emptying? First-pass
effect? Intramuscular absorption rate? - ANS - - Gastric pH higher until 1-2 years of age
- Gastric emptying is slowed
- First-pass is decreased because of immature liver
- IM absorption is faster and irregular.
\Absorption: Older adult considerations. Gastric pH? Gastric emptying? Blood flow? Absorption
surface area? - ANS - - Gastric pH is higher
- Gastric emptying is slowed
- Blood Flow to GI tract is reduced
- Absorption surface area is decreased
\According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, about
30-40% of people in the US get an H.pylori infection; however, usually the infection is dormant.
How does the infection contribute to the development of peptic ulcers - ANS - damages the
lining of the stomach and duodenum
REVIEW, pharmacology module 3, Adv
Pharm 5334 UTA Exam 1
- ANS -
\___ is the inability of opposing muscle groups to move in a coordinated manner. The two types
include ___, which is a single, prolonged contraction, and ____, which is multiple, rapidly
repeated contractions. - ANS - Spasticity; tonic; clonic
\____ increase the effectiveness of cough by increasing expiratory cough airflow or by
unsticking highly adhesive secretions for the airway walls. - ANS - mucolytics
\_____ are powerful drugs that can quickly reduce inflammatory responses and pain in treating
joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. They are produced from hormones secreted by the
adrenal cortex and can be administered to palliate arthritis - either taken orally or by
intra-articular injection. To maximize benefits, but minimize potential side effects, these drugs
are usually prescribed in low doses and/or for short durations. - ANS - Glucocorticoids
\______ facilitate the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin and are indicated for the
management of ________, - ANS - Thrombolytics; severe pulmonary embolism
\_______ medications may change the heart rate by affecting the nerves controlling the heart, or
by changing the rhythm produced by the sinoatrial nerve thus converting the heart beat to a
normal sinus rhythm. Positive effects ____ heart rate; while negative effects _____ heart rate. -
ANS - Chronotropic; increase; decrease
\- Trough Level - ANS - - The lowest concentration of the drug, normally drawn prior to the next
dose
\"Free Drug" - ANS - - The drug that is not bound to protein that is free to exert a therapeutic
effect
\"Right assessment", meaning that? - ANS - - you perform the correct assessment prior to
administering the medication.
\"Right Documentation" - ANS - - important for patient safety.
- This is widely known as the "sixth right". The nurse should document timely and include all
pertinent information. Later in this lecture, more information will be provided about
documentation.
\"Right reason" - ANS - - using appropriate medications to treat patient problems.
- This is important if the doctor prescribes acetaminophen (brand name is Tylenol) for fever, it is
not appropriate to administer it for pain. You would need to contact the prescriber and ask if the
Tylenol can also be administered for pain. Also, the nurse should review the patient's history
and ask the patient why they are on each medication.
\"Right Response" or "Right Evaluation" refers to - ANS - evaluating the patient's response to a
medication, looking for desired and undesired responses
,\"Right route and Form" - ANS - - requires a complete order from a prescriber (if a route is not
included, contact the prescriber and ask for a clarification). Never assume the route.
\"Right to refuse" refers to - ANS - - the patient's right to refuse any treatment that they wish, for
any reason.
- If a patient refuses a medication, ask why they are refusing it, and re-educate the patient about
the medication. If they still refuse, you must notify the prescriber and document the refusal.
\(5) things that can impact absorption? (basic not definitions too) - ANS - - Blood flow
- Food
- Temperature of food
- Gastric pH
- Interactions of medications
\*** After ____ half-lives, most drugs are considered to be removed from the body, with
approximately ______% of the drug remaining in the system. - ANS - - 5
- 3%
\*** Equilibrium is when .... - ANS - - The amount of the drug excreted is = to the amount
absorbed from each dose
\*** Steady state normally occurs after how many half-lifes? - ANS - - 4-5
\A 26 year old African American diagnosed with AIDS, and also a heroine abuser, presents with
hypertension, microscopic hematuria, and renal insufficiency. The disease does not go away
with steroid therapy. What is a key feature on immunofluorescence? - ANS - IgM and C3
deposition
\A 7 year old child presents with hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia, and proteinuria. The
edema is in the periorbital region initially and eventually spreads to the rest of the body. The
patient is given steroid therapy and the disease goes away. What is a key morphological feature
of the patients disease? - ANS - fusion of the foot processes
\A client is to receive .25 digoxin. On hand, the nurse has tablets labeled 125 mcg digoxin. How
many tablets will the nurse administer? - ANS - - How to: 1 tablet = 125 mcg, 1mg = 1,000 mcg
- Step #1: multiply .25 mg by 1,000 mcg
-- (.25 mg / 1) (1,000 mcg / 1mg) = 250 mcg
- Step #2: 1 tablet = 125 mcg & patients need 250 mcg
-- 125 mcg (2) = 250
- ANSWER: 2 tablets
\A client receives 10 mg of morphine orally at home for pain management. The client is in the
emergency department and is to receive 4 mg of morphine IV for severe pain. The client asks
the nurse why they are only getting 4mg of IV morphine when at home they take 10mg of
morphine. What is the best response by the nurse? - ANS - Intravenous medications go directly
into the bloodstream while oral medications must first go through the liver and some of the
medication is made inactive
\A client will start on an anticonvulsant drug that has a half-life of up to 42 hours, When will the
patient achieve steady state? Between ________ and ______ days. - ANS - - How to find:
, Steady state occurs at about 4-5 half-lives. Therefore you multiply (4)(42) & (5)(42) to get the
range
- Answer: 7 days - 9 days
\A client with seasonal allergies takes diphenhydramine at bedtime to help their symptoms. The
client becomes hyperactive and is unable to sleep. What type of reaction is the patient
experiencing? - ANS - Paradoxical Reaction
\A common adverse effect of laxative stimulants is abnormal dark pigmentation of the colon,
referred to as ____. - ANS - melanosis
\A drug that is absorbed through the intestines must ______ pass through the _______ before it
reaches the ________ circulation. - ANS - - A drug that is absorbed through the intestines must
first pass through the liver before it reaches the systemic circulation
\A generic name is the proprietary name and is generally written with a capital first letter. True or
False? - ANS - False, non-proprietary name
\A patient presents with symptoms of nephrotic syndrome. The disease is immune complex
mediated and is known to create an increase in glomerular basement membrane size. IgG and
C3 levels are deposited along the basement membrane. Which of the following would best
describe the morphology of the disease? - ANS - proliferation of new basement membrane
between complexes, spike and dome pattern
\A patient with high serum cholesterol and increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is at risk for
____.
____ is a higher than normal levels of cholesterol in the blood. - ANS - atherosclerotic coronary
disease; Hypercholesterolemia
\A patient, who has diabetes mellitus, has been prescribed baclofen for muscle spasticity after
injury. What special instruction would you give to this patient? - ANS - Monitor blood glucose for
hyperglycemia.
\A significant side effect of many drugs in this category (particularly the anticholinergics and
antihistamines) is - ANS - drowsiness
\Absorption: neonatal and pediatric considerations. Gastric pH? Gastric emptying? First-pass
effect? Intramuscular absorption rate? - ANS - - Gastric pH higher until 1-2 years of age
- Gastric emptying is slowed
- First-pass is decreased because of immature liver
- IM absorption is faster and irregular.
\Absorption: Older adult considerations. Gastric pH? Gastric emptying? Blood flow? Absorption
surface area? - ANS - - Gastric pH is higher
- Gastric emptying is slowed
- Blood Flow to GI tract is reduced
- Absorption surface area is decreased
\According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, about
30-40% of people in the US get an H.pylori infection; however, usually the infection is dormant.
How does the infection contribute to the development of peptic ulcers - ANS - damages the
lining of the stomach and duodenum
