Nursing 3550 - Pharmacology of Cardiovascular System
Questions With Complete Solutions
4 family of drugs acting on RAAS system Correct Answer -
ACE inhibitors
- Angiotensin II receptor blockers
- direct renin inhibitors (DRIs)
- aldosterone antagonists
5 direct effects of verapamil Correct Answer - blockade at
peripheral arterioles causes dilation, and thereby reduces arterial
pressure
- blockade at arteries and arterioles of the heart increases
coronary perfusion
- blockade of the SA node reduces heart rate
- blockade of the AV node decreased AV nodal conduction
- blockade in the myocardium decreases the force of contraction
5 groups of agents that inhibit RAAS Correct Answer - ACE
inhibitor
- ARBs
- Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ARNIs)
- Direct renin inhibitors
- Aldosterone antagonists
ACE inhibitors adverse effects (7) Correct Answer - first dose
hypotension
- fetal injury
- cough
- angioedema (swelling of eyes, lips, and tongue)
- hyperkalemia
,- renal failure
- neutropenia
ACE inhibitors Drug Interactions (5) Correct Answer -
Diuretics
- Antihypertensive Agents
- Drugs that raise potassium levels
- Lithium
- NSAIDs
ACE Inhibitors Side Effects Correct Answer - Cough
- Angioedema/ Agranulocytosis
- Proteinurea/ Potassium excess
- Taste change
- Orthostatic hypotension
- Pregnancy Contraindications
- Renal artery stenosis
- Increase renin
- Leukopenia/ Liver toxicity
ACE inhibitors therapeutic use (5) Correct Answer - heart
failure
- hypertension
- MI
- Prevention of MI and strokes in patients with cardiac
symptoms
- diabetic and nondiabetic nephropathy
Actions of Aldosterone II Correct Answer - Regulation of
blood volume and blood pressure
, Aldosterone (released by the adrenal cortex) acts on distal
tubules of the kidney, this causes retention of sodium and
excretion of potassium and hydrogen → causes water retention
which increases blood volume and BP
Pathologic Cardiovascular Effects
Adverse Effect of Diuretics Correct Answer - hypovolemia
- acid-bace imbalance
- electrolyte imbalance
Adverse Effects of Verapamil Correct Answer - generally
well tolerated
- constipation results due to the blockade of calcium channels in
smooth muscles in the intestines
- recommended to increase dietary fluids and fibers
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors Mechanism of
Action Correct Answer - reduces angiotensin II
- increases levels of bradykinin
Beta Blockers for Heart Failure Correct Answer - Causes a
blockade of cardiac beta1-adrenergic receptors = reduces
contracitility
- Carvediol (Corge), Bisoprolol (Zebeta),
Sustained-Release Metoprolol (Toprol XL)
- Improve LV ejection fraction, increase exercise tolerance, slow
progression of HF, reduce need for hospitalization, prolong
surivial
- Mechanism: protects the heart from excessive sympathetic
stimulation and protects against dysrhythmias
Questions With Complete Solutions
4 family of drugs acting on RAAS system Correct Answer -
ACE inhibitors
- Angiotensin II receptor blockers
- direct renin inhibitors (DRIs)
- aldosterone antagonists
5 direct effects of verapamil Correct Answer - blockade at
peripheral arterioles causes dilation, and thereby reduces arterial
pressure
- blockade at arteries and arterioles of the heart increases
coronary perfusion
- blockade of the SA node reduces heart rate
- blockade of the AV node decreased AV nodal conduction
- blockade in the myocardium decreases the force of contraction
5 groups of agents that inhibit RAAS Correct Answer - ACE
inhibitor
- ARBs
- Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ARNIs)
- Direct renin inhibitors
- Aldosterone antagonists
ACE inhibitors adverse effects (7) Correct Answer - first dose
hypotension
- fetal injury
- cough
- angioedema (swelling of eyes, lips, and tongue)
- hyperkalemia
,- renal failure
- neutropenia
ACE inhibitors Drug Interactions (5) Correct Answer -
Diuretics
- Antihypertensive Agents
- Drugs that raise potassium levels
- Lithium
- NSAIDs
ACE Inhibitors Side Effects Correct Answer - Cough
- Angioedema/ Agranulocytosis
- Proteinurea/ Potassium excess
- Taste change
- Orthostatic hypotension
- Pregnancy Contraindications
- Renal artery stenosis
- Increase renin
- Leukopenia/ Liver toxicity
ACE inhibitors therapeutic use (5) Correct Answer - heart
failure
- hypertension
- MI
- Prevention of MI and strokes in patients with cardiac
symptoms
- diabetic and nondiabetic nephropathy
Actions of Aldosterone II Correct Answer - Regulation of
blood volume and blood pressure
, Aldosterone (released by the adrenal cortex) acts on distal
tubules of the kidney, this causes retention of sodium and
excretion of potassium and hydrogen → causes water retention
which increases blood volume and BP
Pathologic Cardiovascular Effects
Adverse Effect of Diuretics Correct Answer - hypovolemia
- acid-bace imbalance
- electrolyte imbalance
Adverse Effects of Verapamil Correct Answer - generally
well tolerated
- constipation results due to the blockade of calcium channels in
smooth muscles in the intestines
- recommended to increase dietary fluids and fibers
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors Mechanism of
Action Correct Answer - reduces angiotensin II
- increases levels of bradykinin
Beta Blockers for Heart Failure Correct Answer - Causes a
blockade of cardiac beta1-adrenergic receptors = reduces
contracitility
- Carvediol (Corge), Bisoprolol (Zebeta),
Sustained-Release Metoprolol (Toprol XL)
- Improve LV ejection fraction, increase exercise tolerance, slow
progression of HF, reduce need for hospitalization, prolong
surivial
- Mechanism: protects the heart from excessive sympathetic
stimulation and protects against dysrhythmias
