PNE 161 TEST 3 EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS |
LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.
Diffusion - ANS Oxygen and Carbon dioxide moves across the alveolar cell membranes and
the cell membranes of the capillaries surrounding the alveoli is by the process of
Inhalation/Inspiration - ANS air is pulled into the lungs until the pressure in the lungs equal
the pressure outside the body is called?
exhalation/expiration - ANS The ribs come inward, the diaphragm rises upward and the lungs
are then compressed, forcing the air to go out.
What are signs and symptoms of Hypoxia? - ANS Early signs- Agitation, Anxiety, Changed in
level of consciousness, Disorientation, Headache, irritability, restlessness, Tachypnea (rapid and
shallow breathing)
Late Signs - Bradypnea, Bradycardia, Cardiac arrythmias, Cyanosis, and Retractions.
What to assess during a respiratory assessment - ANS Color of skin and mucous membrane's
Respiratory effect
Cough
Chest appearance
O2
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,Oxygenation status
Respiratory Diagnostic Tests - ANS - TB skin tests.
- Chest x-ray (can show heart abnormalities).
- PFT: Pulmonary Function Test (measure inspiratory residual/tidal volume, expiratory
residual/tidal volume).
- ABGs: Arterial Blood Gases (measure oxygen & CO2 levels).
- test sputum for culture & sensitivity.
- bronchoscopy.
- lung scan/CT scan/ ventilation/perfusion studies.
- pulse oximetry (SpO2, pulse ox, O2 sat) (normal range is 95-100%).
- thoracentesis (insert needle into the pleural space, withdraw fluid in order to relieve pressure
on lungs; may also test the fluid for presence of infection).
- throat culture.
Nursing Interventions - ANS Patients who have undergone surgery or are on bedrest MUST
be turned every two hours to prevent respiratory complications caused by immobility.
Encourage patients to take 3 deep breathes and then cough to remove secretions from the
lungs and the airways.
If the patient has an abdominal or chest incision, encourage them to hold a pillow against the
incision while taking deep breathes and coughing.
NORMAL RANGES FOR ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES - ANS pH- 7.35-7.45
anything ABOVE is Alkalosis
Anything BELOVE Acidosis
PaO2- 80-100mm HG
Anything ABOVE is Hyperventilation
Anything BELOW is Hypoxemia
PaCO2- 35-45 mm Hg
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, Anything ABOVE converts to carbonic acid and causes Acidosis
Anything BELOW- Lack of carbonic acid causes Alkalosis
NHCO3- 22-26
Above- Excess of alkalinity causes alkalosis
Below- Lack of alkalinity leads to acidosis
Do you need a doctor's order for Oxygen? - ANS Yes, you do need an HCP order for Oxygen
endotracheal tube - ANS Some tubes are deigned to enter the trachea, not the pharynx.
Theses airways are used when the patient is unable to breathe independently because of
airway obstruction respiratory arrest. It is a from but flexible plastic tube that may be inserted
through the nose or the mouth.
What is a tracheostomy? - ANS an incision into the trachea that is held open with a tube to
promote breathing may be performed for several reasons.
Hemothorax - ANS When blood and drainage are present in the pleural space, they pool in
the lower portion of the cavity.
How much is our body made up of water? - ANS 50% to 70% of the body's total weight for
ADULTS
Infants and premature Infants- 65%-80%
BLOOD is composed of 80% to 83% WATER
What are the functions of water in the body - ANS Maintaining and regulating temperature
Transporting electrolyte's, minerals, vitamins, and wastewater
Protecting the brain and spinal cord
Lubricating the joints and digestive tract
3 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS |
LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.
Diffusion - ANS Oxygen and Carbon dioxide moves across the alveolar cell membranes and
the cell membranes of the capillaries surrounding the alveoli is by the process of
Inhalation/Inspiration - ANS air is pulled into the lungs until the pressure in the lungs equal
the pressure outside the body is called?
exhalation/expiration - ANS The ribs come inward, the diaphragm rises upward and the lungs
are then compressed, forcing the air to go out.
What are signs and symptoms of Hypoxia? - ANS Early signs- Agitation, Anxiety, Changed in
level of consciousness, Disorientation, Headache, irritability, restlessness, Tachypnea (rapid and
shallow breathing)
Late Signs - Bradypnea, Bradycardia, Cardiac arrythmias, Cyanosis, and Retractions.
What to assess during a respiratory assessment - ANS Color of skin and mucous membrane's
Respiratory effect
Cough
Chest appearance
O2
1 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,Oxygenation status
Respiratory Diagnostic Tests - ANS - TB skin tests.
- Chest x-ray (can show heart abnormalities).
- PFT: Pulmonary Function Test (measure inspiratory residual/tidal volume, expiratory
residual/tidal volume).
- ABGs: Arterial Blood Gases (measure oxygen & CO2 levels).
- test sputum for culture & sensitivity.
- bronchoscopy.
- lung scan/CT scan/ ventilation/perfusion studies.
- pulse oximetry (SpO2, pulse ox, O2 sat) (normal range is 95-100%).
- thoracentesis (insert needle into the pleural space, withdraw fluid in order to relieve pressure
on lungs; may also test the fluid for presence of infection).
- throat culture.
Nursing Interventions - ANS Patients who have undergone surgery or are on bedrest MUST
be turned every two hours to prevent respiratory complications caused by immobility.
Encourage patients to take 3 deep breathes and then cough to remove secretions from the
lungs and the airways.
If the patient has an abdominal or chest incision, encourage them to hold a pillow against the
incision while taking deep breathes and coughing.
NORMAL RANGES FOR ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES - ANS pH- 7.35-7.45
anything ABOVE is Alkalosis
Anything BELOVE Acidosis
PaO2- 80-100mm HG
Anything ABOVE is Hyperventilation
Anything BELOW is Hypoxemia
PaCO2- 35-45 mm Hg
2 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, Anything ABOVE converts to carbonic acid and causes Acidosis
Anything BELOW- Lack of carbonic acid causes Alkalosis
NHCO3- 22-26
Above- Excess of alkalinity causes alkalosis
Below- Lack of alkalinity leads to acidosis
Do you need a doctor's order for Oxygen? - ANS Yes, you do need an HCP order for Oxygen
endotracheal tube - ANS Some tubes are deigned to enter the trachea, not the pharynx.
Theses airways are used when the patient is unable to breathe independently because of
airway obstruction respiratory arrest. It is a from but flexible plastic tube that may be inserted
through the nose or the mouth.
What is a tracheostomy? - ANS an incision into the trachea that is held open with a tube to
promote breathing may be performed for several reasons.
Hemothorax - ANS When blood and drainage are present in the pleural space, they pool in
the lower portion of the cavity.
How much is our body made up of water? - ANS 50% to 70% of the body's total weight for
ADULTS
Infants and premature Infants- 65%-80%
BLOOD is composed of 80% to 83% WATER
What are the functions of water in the body - ANS Maintaining and regulating temperature
Transporting electrolyte's, minerals, vitamins, and wastewater
Protecting the brain and spinal cord
Lubricating the joints and digestive tract
3 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
