NFDN 1002 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS |
LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.
Assessment of urine - -Intake and output
Characteristics of urine - ANS Color: Pale-straw to amber color
Clarity: Transparent unless pathology is present
Odor: Ammonia in nature
Urine testing - ANS Specimen collection
How does age affect elimination - ANS -decreased ability to concentrate urine
-decreased bladder muscle tone
-decreased bladder contractility
-neuromuscular; degenerative joint problems; thought processes; weakness
-male prostate increase in size
Factors influencing elimination - ANS -cultural and psychosocial
-lifestyle
-body fluid loss (diarrhea, vomiting, sweating, wound drainage, burns, blood loss)
-muscle tone (abdominal and pelvic floor muscles, immobility, obesity, multiple pregnancies)
1 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,-indwelling catheter (loss of bladder tone)
-UTIs, diabetes, kidney stones, arthritis, Parkinson's disease, shock, hypertension
-medications (diuretics, narcotics)
Dysuria - ANS painful urination
Polyuria - ANS Voiding large amounts of urine
Oliguria - ANS Decreased urine output
Hematuria - ANS blood in the urine
Culture urine specimen - ANS urine is collected to assess which bacteria organism is present
Sensitivity urine specimen - ANS Determines what antibiotic the bacteria is sensitive to
Cystoscopy - ANS -invasive procedure
-visualize bladder and urethra
-commonly performed (with general anaesthesia or conscious sedation)
Barium swallow - ANS -test that may be used to determine the cause of painful swallowing,
difficulty swallowing, abdominal pain, blood stained vomit, or unexplained weightloss
-a chemical compound that shows up on x-rays and is used to help see abnormalities int he
esophagus and stomach
Barium enema - ANS -an x-ray exam that can detect changes or abnormalities in the large
intestine (colon)
-the procedure is also called a colon x-ray
-it is the injection of a liquid into your rectum via a small tube
2 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,indwelling catheter - ANS -drains urine from the bladder into a bag
-has an inflated balloon
Common reasons for indwelling catheter use - ANS incontinence
urinary retention
surgery
intermittent catheter - ANS short-term catheter, inserted as needed several times a day to
drain urine from the bladder
Coude catheter tip - ANS angled tip
suprapubic catheter - ANS surgically placed through abdominal wall into bladder
Condom catheter - ANS -non indwelling
-low risk for infection
-aids in controlling incontinence
-controls odour
what is required for catheter care - ANS -pre catheter insertion
-routine perineal care
-institution specific- catheter care TID
-after BMS/Bowel incontinence
-recommend high fluid intake
factors that affect bowel elimination - ANS -age related changes
-physical activity
3 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, -pregnancy
-medications
-pain
-diagnostic examinations
-anaesthesia and surgery
-personal habits
-psychological and pathological conditions
Elimination issues - ANS -constipation
-impaction
-diarrhea
-incontinence
-flatulence
-hemorrhoids
cause for fecal impaction - ANS -collection of hardened stool in the rectum
-severe cause-extend to sigmoid colon
risk for fecal impaction - ANS -debilitated, confused, unconscious
signs and symptoms of fecal impaction - ANS -no BM for many days
-continuous oozing of diarrhea stool
paralytic ileus - ANS -obstruction of the intestine due to paralysis of the intestinal muscles
-the paralysis does not need to be complete to cause ileus, but the intestinal muscles must be
so inactive that it prevents the passage of food and leads to a functional blockage of the
intestines
4 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS |
LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.
Assessment of urine - -Intake and output
Characteristics of urine - ANS Color: Pale-straw to amber color
Clarity: Transparent unless pathology is present
Odor: Ammonia in nature
Urine testing - ANS Specimen collection
How does age affect elimination - ANS -decreased ability to concentrate urine
-decreased bladder muscle tone
-decreased bladder contractility
-neuromuscular; degenerative joint problems; thought processes; weakness
-male prostate increase in size
Factors influencing elimination - ANS -cultural and psychosocial
-lifestyle
-body fluid loss (diarrhea, vomiting, sweating, wound drainage, burns, blood loss)
-muscle tone (abdominal and pelvic floor muscles, immobility, obesity, multiple pregnancies)
1 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,-indwelling catheter (loss of bladder tone)
-UTIs, diabetes, kidney stones, arthritis, Parkinson's disease, shock, hypertension
-medications (diuretics, narcotics)
Dysuria - ANS painful urination
Polyuria - ANS Voiding large amounts of urine
Oliguria - ANS Decreased urine output
Hematuria - ANS blood in the urine
Culture urine specimen - ANS urine is collected to assess which bacteria organism is present
Sensitivity urine specimen - ANS Determines what antibiotic the bacteria is sensitive to
Cystoscopy - ANS -invasive procedure
-visualize bladder and urethra
-commonly performed (with general anaesthesia or conscious sedation)
Barium swallow - ANS -test that may be used to determine the cause of painful swallowing,
difficulty swallowing, abdominal pain, blood stained vomit, or unexplained weightloss
-a chemical compound that shows up on x-rays and is used to help see abnormalities int he
esophagus and stomach
Barium enema - ANS -an x-ray exam that can detect changes or abnormalities in the large
intestine (colon)
-the procedure is also called a colon x-ray
-it is the injection of a liquid into your rectum via a small tube
2 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,indwelling catheter - ANS -drains urine from the bladder into a bag
-has an inflated balloon
Common reasons for indwelling catheter use - ANS incontinence
urinary retention
surgery
intermittent catheter - ANS short-term catheter, inserted as needed several times a day to
drain urine from the bladder
Coude catheter tip - ANS angled tip
suprapubic catheter - ANS surgically placed through abdominal wall into bladder
Condom catheter - ANS -non indwelling
-low risk for infection
-aids in controlling incontinence
-controls odour
what is required for catheter care - ANS -pre catheter insertion
-routine perineal care
-institution specific- catheter care TID
-after BMS/Bowel incontinence
-recommend high fluid intake
factors that affect bowel elimination - ANS -age related changes
-physical activity
3 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, -pregnancy
-medications
-pain
-diagnostic examinations
-anaesthesia and surgery
-personal habits
-psychological and pathological conditions
Elimination issues - ANS -constipation
-impaction
-diarrhea
-incontinence
-flatulence
-hemorrhoids
cause for fecal impaction - ANS -collection of hardened stool in the rectum
-severe cause-extend to sigmoid colon
risk for fecal impaction - ANS -debilitated, confused, unconscious
signs and symptoms of fecal impaction - ANS -no BM for many days
-continuous oozing of diarrhea stool
paralytic ileus - ANS -obstruction of the intestine due to paralysis of the intestinal muscles
-the paralysis does not need to be complete to cause ileus, but the intestinal muscles must be
so inactive that it prevents the passage of food and leads to a functional blockage of the
intestines
4 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
