GMS 6552 EXAM 2 EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS |
LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.
Oncogene - ANS A gene that causes or contributes to the development of cancer
Hallmarks of Cancer - ANS Sustaining proliferative signaling
Evading growth suppressors
Activating invasion and metastasis
Enabling replicative immortality
Inducing angiogenesis
Resisting cell death
In vivo oncogenic evidence - ANS Cause cancer when activated in a transgenic animal
Render nontumorigenic cells tumorigenic
Knock down or knock out in tumorigenic cells renders the cells nontumorigenic
Activation/overexpression of the oncogene is strongly correlated with human cancer
In vitro oncogenic evidence - ANS Causes anchorage-independent growth in soft agar
(protection from anoikis)
Causes focus formation (loss of contact inhibition)
Renders cell growth factor independent
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, Oncogenes in Cancer - ANS Aberrant expression of proto-oncogenes that increases cell
proliferation/survival
First identified in cancer-causing viruses
Typically a dominant mechanism
Oncogene activation is usually limited to somatic tissue, but more cases of inherited oncogene
mutations are being found
Biochemical functions of oncogenes - ANS G-proteins (Ras)
Protein Kinases (Raf, Akt)
Lipid Kinases (PI3-Kinase)
Transcription Factors (Myc)
Binding and inactivating apoptotic proteins (BCL2)
Protein Kinase regulatory subunits (Cyclins A, E, D)
Transcriptional coactivators (B-Catenin, YAP, TAZ)
Five Ways to Activate Oncogenes - ANS 1. Mutation of gene to make it overactive
2. Amplification of a normal gene
3. Chromosomal Rearrangement
4. Promoter/enhancer insertion
5. Hypomethylation of oncogene
Amplification - ANS Multiple gene copies = too much transcript and protein
DNA sequencing, DNA-PCR
RNA sequencing, RNA-PCR
Protein: Western
2 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS |
LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.
Oncogene - ANS A gene that causes or contributes to the development of cancer
Hallmarks of Cancer - ANS Sustaining proliferative signaling
Evading growth suppressors
Activating invasion and metastasis
Enabling replicative immortality
Inducing angiogenesis
Resisting cell death
In vivo oncogenic evidence - ANS Cause cancer when activated in a transgenic animal
Render nontumorigenic cells tumorigenic
Knock down or knock out in tumorigenic cells renders the cells nontumorigenic
Activation/overexpression of the oncogene is strongly correlated with human cancer
In vitro oncogenic evidence - ANS Causes anchorage-independent growth in soft agar
(protection from anoikis)
Causes focus formation (loss of contact inhibition)
Renders cell growth factor independent
1 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, Oncogenes in Cancer - ANS Aberrant expression of proto-oncogenes that increases cell
proliferation/survival
First identified in cancer-causing viruses
Typically a dominant mechanism
Oncogene activation is usually limited to somatic tissue, but more cases of inherited oncogene
mutations are being found
Biochemical functions of oncogenes - ANS G-proteins (Ras)
Protein Kinases (Raf, Akt)
Lipid Kinases (PI3-Kinase)
Transcription Factors (Myc)
Binding and inactivating apoptotic proteins (BCL2)
Protein Kinase regulatory subunits (Cyclins A, E, D)
Transcriptional coactivators (B-Catenin, YAP, TAZ)
Five Ways to Activate Oncogenes - ANS 1. Mutation of gene to make it overactive
2. Amplification of a normal gene
3. Chromosomal Rearrangement
4. Promoter/enhancer insertion
5. Hypomethylation of oncogene
Amplification - ANS Multiple gene copies = too much transcript and protein
DNA sequencing, DNA-PCR
RNA sequencing, RNA-PCR
Protein: Western
2 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
