AHN 447 EXAM 4 QUESTIONS WITH
100% CORRECT ANSWERS | LATEST
VERSION 2025/2026.
What is the normal range for creatinine, and what is the significance of abnormal findings? -
ANS Males: 0.6-1.2 mg/dL
Females: 0.5-1.1 mg/dL
Older adults: may be decreased
An INCREASED level indicates kidney impairment.
A DECREASED level may be caused by a DECREASED muscle mass.
What is the normal range for BUN, and what is the significance of abnormal findings? -
ANS 10-20 mg/dL
Older adults: slightly higher
An INCREASED level may indicate liver or kidney disease, dehydration or decreased kidney
perfusion, a high protein diet, infection, stress, steroid use, GI bleeding, or other situations in
which blood is in body tissues.
A DECREASED level may indicate malnutrition, fluid volume excess, or severe hepatic damage.
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,What does a radiography of kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB) tell you about the kidney and
urinary system? - ANS Screens for the presence of 2 kidneys
Measures kidney size
Detects gross obstruction in kidneys or the urinary tract
What does a CT scan tell you about the kidney and urinary system? - ANS Measures kidney
size
Evaluates contour to assess for injury, masses, or obstruction in kidneys or urinary tract
Assesses renal blood flow
What does an MRI tell you about the kidney and urinary system? - ANS Measures kidney size
Evaluates contour to assess for injury, masses, or obstruction in kidneys or urinary tract
Assesses renal blood flow
**Similar to CT except it can be used for staging of cancers
What does an US tell you about the kidney and urinary system? - ANS Identifies the urine
volume in the bladder, size of the kidneys or obstruction in the kidneys and lower urinary tract
Assesses blood flow to and from the kidney
Describe hormonal regulation of the kidney. - ANS Renin--fomred and released when there is
decreased blood flow, volume, or pressure; stimulates the production of Angiotensinogen and
Angiotensin I
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,Angiotensin II--causes vasoconstriction and the release of aldosterone
Aldosterone--increases the reabsorption of NA++
Prostaglandins--produced in the kidney and regulate GFR, renal vascular resistance, and renin
production
Bradykinin--dilates renal vasculature to maintain renal blood flow- released after Angiotensin II
Erythropoeitein--triggers RBC formation in marrow
Vitamin D--converted to active form in the kidneys
What are the 3 functions of the nephron? - ANS 1. Filtration of water soluble substances
from the blood
2. Reabsorption of filtered nutrients, water, and electrolytes
3. Secretion of waste products
What is the function of the glomerulus? - ANS site of fluid filtration from blood to the
nephron
prevents transport of blood cells and proteins
GFR= 125 mL/min
What are some RFs for incontinence? - ANS Pregnancy, vaginal delivery
3 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, Altered LOC
Immobility
Diabetes
Spinal cord injuries
UTI
**THIS IS NOT A NORMAL PART OF AGING
What is urge incontinence? - ANS The involuntary loss of urine associated with a strong
desire to urinate.
Patients cannot suppress the signal from the bladder muscle to the brain that it is time to
urinate.
Causes= bladder infections, tumors/radiation/bladder cancer, calculi
This is commonly found in males BPH because the prostatic enlargement reduces the amount
of urine that can flow freely from the bladder. This causes the bladder muscle to malfunction.
What is stress incontinence? - ANS The involuntary loss of urine during activities that
increase abdominal and detrusor pressure.
Patient cannot tighten the urethra sufficiently to overcome the increased detrusor muscle
pressure; leakage of urine results.
4 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
100% CORRECT ANSWERS | LATEST
VERSION 2025/2026.
What is the normal range for creatinine, and what is the significance of abnormal findings? -
ANS Males: 0.6-1.2 mg/dL
Females: 0.5-1.1 mg/dL
Older adults: may be decreased
An INCREASED level indicates kidney impairment.
A DECREASED level may be caused by a DECREASED muscle mass.
What is the normal range for BUN, and what is the significance of abnormal findings? -
ANS 10-20 mg/dL
Older adults: slightly higher
An INCREASED level may indicate liver or kidney disease, dehydration or decreased kidney
perfusion, a high protein diet, infection, stress, steroid use, GI bleeding, or other situations in
which blood is in body tissues.
A DECREASED level may indicate malnutrition, fluid volume excess, or severe hepatic damage.
1 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,What does a radiography of kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB) tell you about the kidney and
urinary system? - ANS Screens for the presence of 2 kidneys
Measures kidney size
Detects gross obstruction in kidneys or the urinary tract
What does a CT scan tell you about the kidney and urinary system? - ANS Measures kidney
size
Evaluates contour to assess for injury, masses, or obstruction in kidneys or urinary tract
Assesses renal blood flow
What does an MRI tell you about the kidney and urinary system? - ANS Measures kidney size
Evaluates contour to assess for injury, masses, or obstruction in kidneys or urinary tract
Assesses renal blood flow
**Similar to CT except it can be used for staging of cancers
What does an US tell you about the kidney and urinary system? - ANS Identifies the urine
volume in the bladder, size of the kidneys or obstruction in the kidneys and lower urinary tract
Assesses blood flow to and from the kidney
Describe hormonal regulation of the kidney. - ANS Renin--fomred and released when there is
decreased blood flow, volume, or pressure; stimulates the production of Angiotensinogen and
Angiotensin I
2 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,Angiotensin II--causes vasoconstriction and the release of aldosterone
Aldosterone--increases the reabsorption of NA++
Prostaglandins--produced in the kidney and regulate GFR, renal vascular resistance, and renin
production
Bradykinin--dilates renal vasculature to maintain renal blood flow- released after Angiotensin II
Erythropoeitein--triggers RBC formation in marrow
Vitamin D--converted to active form in the kidneys
What are the 3 functions of the nephron? - ANS 1. Filtration of water soluble substances
from the blood
2. Reabsorption of filtered nutrients, water, and electrolytes
3. Secretion of waste products
What is the function of the glomerulus? - ANS site of fluid filtration from blood to the
nephron
prevents transport of blood cells and proteins
GFR= 125 mL/min
What are some RFs for incontinence? - ANS Pregnancy, vaginal delivery
3 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, Altered LOC
Immobility
Diabetes
Spinal cord injuries
UTI
**THIS IS NOT A NORMAL PART OF AGING
What is urge incontinence? - ANS The involuntary loss of urine associated with a strong
desire to urinate.
Patients cannot suppress the signal from the bladder muscle to the brain that it is time to
urinate.
Causes= bladder infections, tumors/radiation/bladder cancer, calculi
This is commonly found in males BPH because the prostatic enlargement reduces the amount
of urine that can flow freely from the bladder. This causes the bladder muscle to malfunction.
What is stress incontinence? - ANS The involuntary loss of urine during activities that
increase abdominal and detrusor pressure.
Patient cannot tighten the urethra sufficiently to overcome the increased detrusor muscle
pressure; leakage of urine results.
4 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
