Page 1 of 44
NR 283 EXAM 9 QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
What is prognosis?
The probability or likelihood for recovery or other outcomes
What is morbidity?
Disease rates within a group
What is mortality?
Relative number of deaths resulting from the disease
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of cells, results in reduced tissue mass
What is an example of atrophy?
A decrease in the size of a leg after being in a cast for 6 weeks, the changes in the
lower extremities of someone that is paralyzed
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of relatively stable internal environment regardless of external
changes
What is disease?
Deviation from the normal state of homeostasis
What is the 1st step to health (from the 7 steps to health)?
Be a nonsmoker
What is the 2nd step to health (from the 7 steps to health)?
Eat 5-10 servings of vegetables and fruits a day; eat a high fiber and low fat diet and
limit alcohol intake
What is the 3rd step to health (from the 7 steps to health)?
Make sure to do physical activity on a regular basis
What is the 4th step to health (from the 7 steps to health)?
Protect yourself from the sun
What is the 5th step to health (from the 7 steps to health)?
Follow cancer screening guidelines
What is the 6th step to health (from the 7 steps to health)?
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Visit the doctor/dentist if any changes occur
What is the 7th step to health (from the 7 steps to health)?
Follow health and safety guidelines at home and at work when using, storing, and
disposing of hazardous materials
Pathogenesis
Development of disease
Onset of disease
Sudden/acute
Insidious: gradual, vague or mild signs
Acute disease
Short term, develops rapidly
High fever, severe pain, etc
Chronic disease
Develops gradually
Milder symptoms, often intermitted with acute episodes
Subclinical stage
Pathologic changes, no obvious manifestations
Latent stage
No symptoms or clinical signs evident
Incubation period
Prodromal stage
Early development of the disease
Signs are non specific or absent
Manifestations
Clinical evidence with signs and symptoms
-Local: at site of the problems (redness/swelling)
-Systemic: general indicators of illness (fever)
Signs
Objective indicators of disease
Symptoms
Subjective feelings
Lesions
Specific local change in the tissues
Diagnostic tests
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Various laboratory tests that are appropriate to manifestations & medical history
Remission and exacerbations
Mark the course/progress of disease
-Remission: period in which manifestations subside
-Exacerbation: a worsening of severity
Precipitating factors
Condition that triggers and acute episode
Complications
New secondary or additional problems
Therapy
Measures to promote recovery/slow progress
Sequelae
Potential unwanted outcomes
Convalescence or rehabilitation
Period of recovery and return healthy state
What is prophylaxis?
A measure designed to preserve health (as an individual or society) and prevent the
spread of disease
What is an example of prophylaxis?
Prophylactic treatment for myocardial infarction for high-risk patients is baby aspirin
daily
What is hypertrophy?
Increase in cell size, results in enlarged tissue mass
What is an example of hypertrophy?
A dramatic increase in muscle mass of an Olympic weight lifter
What is hyperplasia?
Increase in number of cells, results in enlarged tissue mass
What is an example of hyperplasia?
Breast enlargement at puberty
What is metaplasia?
Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
What is an example of metaplasia?
The changes that occur over years in the respiratory tract of a smoker
What is dysplasia?
, Page 4 of 44
Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue
What is an example of dysplasia?
The changes responsible for an abnormal pap smear
What is anaplasia?
Undifferentiated cells, with variable nuclear and cellular structures
What is anaplasia used for?
Measuring the aggressiveness of a tumor, seen in most malignant tumors
What is neoplasia?
"New growth", commonly called tumor
What is an example of neoplasia?
A very aggressive growing cancer mass, a benign tumor growing along the spine
What is apotosis?
Programmed cell death
What is an example of apoptosis?
When cell development is abnormal, cell numbers are excessive, or cells are
injured/aged
What is ischemia?
Deficit of oxygen in the cells, usually due to circulatory obstruction
What is hypoxia (in regards to cell damage)?
Reduced oxygen in the tissues and nutrition deficits
What is physical injury (in regards to physical injury)?
Excessive heat or cold, and radiation exposure
What is necrosis?
The death of cells causing further damage due to cellular disintegration
What is liquefactive necrosis?
Dead cells liquify because of the release of cell enzymes
What is coagulative necrosis?
Cell proteins are altered or denatured-coagulation
What is fat necrosis?
Fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids
What is caseous necrosis?
Form of coagulation necrosis: thick yellowish, "cheesy" substance forms
What is infarction?
Area of dead cells as a result of oxygen deprivation
NR 283 EXAM 9 QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
What is prognosis?
The probability or likelihood for recovery or other outcomes
What is morbidity?
Disease rates within a group
What is mortality?
Relative number of deaths resulting from the disease
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of cells, results in reduced tissue mass
What is an example of atrophy?
A decrease in the size of a leg after being in a cast for 6 weeks, the changes in the
lower extremities of someone that is paralyzed
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of relatively stable internal environment regardless of external
changes
What is disease?
Deviation from the normal state of homeostasis
What is the 1st step to health (from the 7 steps to health)?
Be a nonsmoker
What is the 2nd step to health (from the 7 steps to health)?
Eat 5-10 servings of vegetables and fruits a day; eat a high fiber and low fat diet and
limit alcohol intake
What is the 3rd step to health (from the 7 steps to health)?
Make sure to do physical activity on a regular basis
What is the 4th step to health (from the 7 steps to health)?
Protect yourself from the sun
What is the 5th step to health (from the 7 steps to health)?
Follow cancer screening guidelines
What is the 6th step to health (from the 7 steps to health)?
, Page 2 of 44
Visit the doctor/dentist if any changes occur
What is the 7th step to health (from the 7 steps to health)?
Follow health and safety guidelines at home and at work when using, storing, and
disposing of hazardous materials
Pathogenesis
Development of disease
Onset of disease
Sudden/acute
Insidious: gradual, vague or mild signs
Acute disease
Short term, develops rapidly
High fever, severe pain, etc
Chronic disease
Develops gradually
Milder symptoms, often intermitted with acute episodes
Subclinical stage
Pathologic changes, no obvious manifestations
Latent stage
No symptoms or clinical signs evident
Incubation period
Prodromal stage
Early development of the disease
Signs are non specific or absent
Manifestations
Clinical evidence with signs and symptoms
-Local: at site of the problems (redness/swelling)
-Systemic: general indicators of illness (fever)
Signs
Objective indicators of disease
Symptoms
Subjective feelings
Lesions
Specific local change in the tissues
Diagnostic tests
, Page 3 of 44
Various laboratory tests that are appropriate to manifestations & medical history
Remission and exacerbations
Mark the course/progress of disease
-Remission: period in which manifestations subside
-Exacerbation: a worsening of severity
Precipitating factors
Condition that triggers and acute episode
Complications
New secondary or additional problems
Therapy
Measures to promote recovery/slow progress
Sequelae
Potential unwanted outcomes
Convalescence or rehabilitation
Period of recovery and return healthy state
What is prophylaxis?
A measure designed to preserve health (as an individual or society) and prevent the
spread of disease
What is an example of prophylaxis?
Prophylactic treatment for myocardial infarction for high-risk patients is baby aspirin
daily
What is hypertrophy?
Increase in cell size, results in enlarged tissue mass
What is an example of hypertrophy?
A dramatic increase in muscle mass of an Olympic weight lifter
What is hyperplasia?
Increase in number of cells, results in enlarged tissue mass
What is an example of hyperplasia?
Breast enlargement at puberty
What is metaplasia?
Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
What is an example of metaplasia?
The changes that occur over years in the respiratory tract of a smoker
What is dysplasia?
, Page 4 of 44
Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue
What is an example of dysplasia?
The changes responsible for an abnormal pap smear
What is anaplasia?
Undifferentiated cells, with variable nuclear and cellular structures
What is anaplasia used for?
Measuring the aggressiveness of a tumor, seen in most malignant tumors
What is neoplasia?
"New growth", commonly called tumor
What is an example of neoplasia?
A very aggressive growing cancer mass, a benign tumor growing along the spine
What is apotosis?
Programmed cell death
What is an example of apoptosis?
When cell development is abnormal, cell numbers are excessive, or cells are
injured/aged
What is ischemia?
Deficit of oxygen in the cells, usually due to circulatory obstruction
What is hypoxia (in regards to cell damage)?
Reduced oxygen in the tissues and nutrition deficits
What is physical injury (in regards to physical injury)?
Excessive heat or cold, and radiation exposure
What is necrosis?
The death of cells causing further damage due to cellular disintegration
What is liquefactive necrosis?
Dead cells liquify because of the release of cell enzymes
What is coagulative necrosis?
Cell proteins are altered or denatured-coagulation
What is fat necrosis?
Fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids
What is caseous necrosis?
Form of coagulation necrosis: thick yellowish, "cheesy" substance forms
What is infarction?
Area of dead cells as a result of oxygen deprivation
