EDF 6221 Test 2 Exam Questions And Answers Verified 100% Correct

EDF 6221 Test 2 Exam Questions And Answers Verified 100% Correct Shaping behaviors refers to the reinforcement of ___ ___ of a terminal behavior - ANSWER -successive approximations Behavioral chain - ANSWER -A sequence of stimuli and responses. Each response produces a change in the environment that acts as a discriminative stimulus for the next response Behavior principle - ANSWER -Behaviors are linked together in sequences where one behavior produces a reinforcer for a preceding behavior and a cue (SD) for a subsequent behavior Behavioral chaining - ANSWER -Reinforcing responses when they occur in a sequence so that they form a complex behavior. Help strengthen new behaviors and weaken maladaptive ones. Forward chaining - ANSWER -Steps in the chain are taught in forward sequence first to last Task presentation chaining - ANSWER -Simultaneous training of all links in a behavioral chain. Use for short, simple tasks. Most difficult to implement Backward chaining - ANSWER -The terminal response (target response) in the chain is taught first. The response that preceded it is reinforced next until the initial response in the chain is taught. Helps make efficient use of positive reinforcement to establish a strong chain Basic schedule types - ANSWER -Fixed ratio/interval and variable ratio/interval Fixed interval (FI) - ANSWER -The same amount of time elapses when the reinforcement is delivered. Report the unit of time in schedule (ex. FI 2 minutes). Post reinforcement pause will occur. Responses increase closer to the interval. Overall slow to moderate effects on behavior Scallop effect - ANSWER -Occurs only in fixed interval schedules in reinforcement Fixed ratio (FR) - ANSWER -The same amount of reinforcement is delivered based on number of responses. Report in responses (ex. FR3). Post reinforcement pause. Good for building new responses. Fixed schedule allows for more fine grain manipulation than interval Reinforcement after every response - ANSWER -CRF or FR1. Helps with skill acquisition and builds behavior Variable Interval (VI) - ANSWER -An average of unit of time. Report as either median or mean (median with outliers) (ex: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 seconds = VI 3 seconds). Unlikely to see a post reinforcement pause. Will keep a moderate rate of responding depending on schedule. Variable ratio (VR) - ANSWER -An average number of responses. Report as median or mean of responses required (ex. 1, 3, 4, 4 = VR3). Intermittent responding - ANSWER -Intermittent schedule of reinforcement. Tied to VR schedule. Strengthens behavior very well Matching law - ANSWER -Reinforcement must be worth the effort. Could be some features or all features (e.g., amount, novelty, duration, etc.). Or behavior can be easy to do Thinning reinforcement - ANSWER -1. Gradually increase responding requirement 2. Provide directions or rules regarding reinforcement Ratio strain - ANSWER -Reinforcement is not worth it. Responding will slow abruptly. Might see aggression, avoidance, and unpredictable responding. DTT - ANSWER -Learning trials are presented in quick succession with a clear beginning and clear end to each trial. 3 parts of a discrete trial - ANSWER -1. The instruction delivered by the tech 2. The learner's response 3. The consequence delivered by the technician What skills are taught via DTT? - ANSWER -Matching, basic listener responding (e.g., identifying labels of objects or following simple instructions), motor and vocal imitation, language skills involving actions, features, functions, cause-and effect, categories, and academic skills, including letters, numbers, shapes, and colors Benefits of DTT - ANSWER -Was developed to ensure the highest number of learning opportunities possible. Rapid learning. Many learning opportunities can be presented quickly because learning is teacher directed. Helps individuals with ASD to learn structured work expectations, and is straightforward to train staff to implement Drawbacks of DTT - ANSWER -Can teach rote responding if done poorly. Learned skills may not generalize to the less-structured natural environment. Doesn't build in reinforcement for learner spontaneity DTT Implementation - ANSWER -1. Gain the learner's attention 2. Deliver the instruction (in a clear and upbeat manner) 3. Pair a prompt with the instruction if it's to be a prompted trial 4. Wait up to 3 seconds for the learner to respond 5. If the learner responds correctly, reinforce immediately and enthusiastically 6. If the learner responds incorrectly or doesn't respond, implement a correction procedure 7. Record data quickly 8. Gain he learner's attention again and present the next instruction Error correction - ANSWER -Implemented when the learner makes an incorrect response during DTT. ex. Repeating the instruction while also giving an immediate full prompt, to ensure the learner makes a correct response with the next learning opportunity Naturalistic teaching - ANSWER -Child directed learning; use of reinforcers that are related to the teaching interaction; motivation embedded within the teaching context; interspersal of mastered skills; less of a focus on maximizing the greatest possible number of learning opportunities Naturalistic teaching implementation - ANSWER -1. Prepare the environment 2. Engage the learner in play/interaction in the arranged environment 3. The learner initiates 4. If the learner's initiation is already sufficient for reinforcement, reinforce the response 5. If the learner's initiation is not sufficient for reinforcement, prompt a response