TESTBANK rt
v
ACONCISEINTRODUCTION TO LOGIC 11TH EDITION
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
Patrick J. Hurley
vrt vrt
,Chapter 1 Test A
vrt vrt vrt
MULTIPLE CHOICE vrt
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are working
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty years ago a typical
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an activity considered
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and relaxing less. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
ANS: v r t D PTS: v r t v r t 2
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces other
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate blood pressure
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
(which can cause development delays in children and high blood pressure in adults), heme production
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
(which can lead to anemia), and sperm production. Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions that
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
transmit electrical impulses in the brain, which diminishes the ability to think and recall information.
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic. vrt vrt vrt vrt
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... recall information. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
ANS: v r t C PTS: v r t v r t 2
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to choose the
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
proper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that extremes of
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
emotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of practical wisdom who have
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have the capacity to follow the "right rule"
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
whatever the situation.
vrt vrt vrt
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
e. Nonargument.
ANS: v r t E PTS: v r t v r t 2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal income tax
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
and Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing the amount these
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of their
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
1
, b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
e. Nonargument.
ANS: v r t A PTS: v r t v r t 2
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-arrested,
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times more likely to be
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
arrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black women have received significantly
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
longer sentences for crimes against property and served longer periods in prison. For both murder and
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
drug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up serving one-third less time for the same offenses than
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
black women.
vrt vrt
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the U.S." vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer periods in prison. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
ANS: v r t B PTS: v r t v r t 2
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall. There are criminal
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to detect unprotected PCs. Once a
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
vulnerable computer is found, these criminals install software that assists them in committing identity
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also defraud online advertisers by using these zombie computers to
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
visit pay-per-click ads.
vrt vrt vrt
a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected by a firewall. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
ANS: v r t E PTS: v r t v r t 2
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all observations must be made through
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere reflect the state of
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
interplanetary space. The earth is also the most important object of comparison for planetologists.
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... through the atmosphere. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
ANS: v r t C PTS: v r t v r t 2
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff, communities
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
abutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the makers of traditional medicines can
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
be persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then tiger poaching will be halted, habitat and life
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
sustaining prey will be restored, and the immanent extinction of tigers in the wild will be averted.
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... not needed. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
2
, e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted ... will be averted. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
ANS: v r t A PTS: v r t v r t 2
9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need to
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
understand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the neuron. How we feel,
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity. So, how a neuron works and how neurons
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
communicate are crucial pieces of information in solving the puzzle of human behavior and mental
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
processing.
vrt
Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
a. Argument; conclusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are biological organisms. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
c. Argument; conclusion: How we feel ... neuronal activity. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
d. Argument; conclusion: How a neuron works ... mental processing. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
e. Nonargument.
ANS: v r t D PTS: v r t v r t 2
10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are composed of a
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
nucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display other properties of living
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
organisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized and
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
stored in a container on a shelf for years, but they retain the capacity to invade cells and cause disease.
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Viruses are acellular entities ... microscope. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
d. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized ... cause disease. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
e. Argument; conclusion: Viruses replicate themselves ... invaded living cells. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
ANS: v r t B PTS: v r t v r t 2
11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is critical to solving the global warming
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
problem. Technological advances have brought the cost of electricity generated by the wind down by
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
82 percent since 1981. Solar energy technology has made remarkable progress as new photovoltaic
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
cells have been developed to convert even greater amounts of sunlight directly into electricity. Today
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
the costs of wind and solar power are becoming competitive with dirty coal-fired plants.
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
Sierra Club, "Global Warming Solutions" vrt vrt vrt vrt
a. Argument; conclusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coal-fired plants. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
b. Argument; conclusion: Technological advances ... by 82 percent since 1981. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
c. Argument; conclusion: Harnessing the clean ... the global warming problem. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Solar energy technology ... directly into electricity. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
ANS: v r t D PTS: v r t v r t 2
12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they did not commit.
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
From 1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated. In many of these cases DNA
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
evidence played a crucial role. Yet, in that same time frame, more than 1000 prisoners were executed.
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
For many of these prisoners no DNA evidence was available. If such evidence had been available, how
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
may more would have been exonerated?
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
a. Argument; conclusion: In many of these cases ... played a crucial role. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: From 1973 ... have been exonerated. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
d. Argument; conclusion: For many of these prisoners ... was available. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
e. Argument; conclusion: It is likely that innocent prisoners ... they did not commit. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
3
v
ACONCISEINTRODUCTION TO LOGIC 11TH EDITION
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
Patrick J. Hurley
vrt vrt
,Chapter 1 Test A
vrt vrt vrt
MULTIPLE CHOICE vrt
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are working
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty years ago a typical
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an activity considered
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and relaxing less. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
ANS: v r t D PTS: v r t v r t 2
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces other
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate blood pressure
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
(which can cause development delays in children and high blood pressure in adults), heme production
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
(which can lead to anemia), and sperm production. Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions that
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
transmit electrical impulses in the brain, which diminishes the ability to think and recall information.
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic. vrt vrt vrt vrt
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... recall information. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
ANS: v r t C PTS: v r t v r t 2
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to choose the
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
proper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that extremes of
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
emotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of practical wisdom who have
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have the capacity to follow the "right rule"
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
whatever the situation.
vrt vrt vrt
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
e. Nonargument.
ANS: v r t E PTS: v r t v r t 2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal income tax
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
and Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing the amount these
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of their
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
1
, b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
e. Nonargument.
ANS: v r t A PTS: v r t v r t 2
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-arrested,
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times more likely to be
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
arrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black women have received significantly
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
longer sentences for crimes against property and served longer periods in prison. For both murder and
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
drug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up serving one-third less time for the same offenses than
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
black women.
vrt vrt
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the U.S." vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer periods in prison. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
ANS: v r t B PTS: v r t v r t 2
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall. There are criminal
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to detect unprotected PCs. Once a
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
vulnerable computer is found, these criminals install software that assists them in committing identity
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also defraud online advertisers by using these zombie computers to
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
visit pay-per-click ads.
vrt vrt vrt
a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected by a firewall. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
ANS: v r t E PTS: v r t v r t 2
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all observations must be made through
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere reflect the state of
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
interplanetary space. The earth is also the most important object of comparison for planetologists.
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... through the atmosphere. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
ANS: v r t C PTS: v r t v r t 2
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff, communities
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abutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the makers of traditional medicines can
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
be persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then tiger poaching will be halted, habitat and life
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
sustaining prey will be restored, and the immanent extinction of tigers in the wild will be averted.
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... not needed. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
2
, e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted ... will be averted. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
ANS: v r t A PTS: v r t v r t 2
9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need to
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understand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the neuron. How we feel,
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity. So, how a neuron works and how neurons
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
communicate are crucial pieces of information in solving the puzzle of human behavior and mental
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
processing.
vrt
Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
a. Argument; conclusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are biological organisms. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
c. Argument; conclusion: How we feel ... neuronal activity. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
d. Argument; conclusion: How a neuron works ... mental processing. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
e. Nonargument.
ANS: v r t D PTS: v r t v r t 2
10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are composed of a
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
nucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display other properties of living
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
organisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized and
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
stored in a container on a shelf for years, but they retain the capacity to invade cells and cause disease.
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Viruses are acellular entities ... microscope. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
d. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized ... cause disease. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
e. Argument; conclusion: Viruses replicate themselves ... invaded living cells. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
ANS: v r t B PTS: v r t v r t 2
11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is critical to solving the global warming
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
problem. Technological advances have brought the cost of electricity generated by the wind down by
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
82 percent since 1981. Solar energy technology has made remarkable progress as new photovoltaic
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
cells have been developed to convert even greater amounts of sunlight directly into electricity. Today
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
the costs of wind and solar power are becoming competitive with dirty coal-fired plants.
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
Sierra Club, "Global Warming Solutions" vrt vrt vrt vrt
a. Argument; conclusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coal-fired plants. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
b. Argument; conclusion: Technological advances ... by 82 percent since 1981. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
c. Argument; conclusion: Harnessing the clean ... the global warming problem. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Solar energy technology ... directly into electricity. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
ANS: v r t D PTS: v r t v r t 2
12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they did not commit.
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
From 1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated. In many of these cases DNA
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
evidence played a crucial role. Yet, in that same time frame, more than 1000 prisoners were executed.
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
For many of these prisoners no DNA evidence was available. If such evidence had been available, how
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
may more would have been exonerated?
vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
a. Argument; conclusion: In many of these cases ... played a crucial role. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: From 1973 ... have been exonerated. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
d. Argument; conclusion: For many of these prisoners ... was available. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
e. Argument; conclusion: It is likely that innocent prisoners ... they did not commit. vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt vrt
3
