McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology
The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children
9th Edition
• Author(s)Julia Rogers
TEST BANK
McCance & Huether — Pathophysiology, 9th Ed. — Chapter 1:
Cellular Biology.
Stem: A hospitalized patient’s wound culture grows bacteria
that lack a nucleus and have a cell wall containing
peptidoglycan. Which feature differentiates these bacteria from
the patient’s own cells?
A. Presence of membrane-bound organelles
B. Linear chromosomes within a nucleus
C. Peptidoglycan cell wall and absence of membrane-bound
nucleus
D. Mitochondrial ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation
Correct Answer: C
Rationales:
, • Correct (C): Prokaryotes (bacteria) characteristically have a
peptidoglycan cell wall and lack a membrane-bound
nucleus; these features distinguish them structurally and
are targets for antibiotics.
• A: Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles;
prokaryotes do not, so A is incorrect for bacteria.
• B: Linear chromosomes within a nucleus are eukaryotic
characteristics; prokaryotes have a single circular
chromosome, so B is incorrect.
• D: While oxidative phosphorylation occurs in mitochondria
of eukaryotes, some prokaryotes use plasma-membrane-
associated electron transport; this does not define
prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes.
Teaching Point: Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus
and often have peptidoglycan cell walls.
Chapter 1 — Section: Cellular Functions
2.
Stem: A patient’s hepatocytes show increased synthesis of
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) after chronic exposure to
a lipid-soluble toxin. Which cellular function is most likely
upregulated?
A. Protein glycosylation
B. Detoxification and lipid metabolism
,C. Packaging proteins for secretion
D. ATP production via citric acid cycle
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): The SER is primarily involved in lipid synthesis
and detoxification (cytochrome P450 activity), so SER
proliferation reflects increased detoxification and lipid
metabolism.
• A: Protein glycosylation mainly occurs in the rough ER and
Golgi apparatus, not the SER.
• C: Packaging proteins for secretion is a Golgi function, not
SER.
• D: ATP production via the citric acid cycle occurs in
mitochondria, not the SER.
Teaching Point: SER expansion indicates enhanced lipid
synthesis and xenobiotic detoxification.
Chapter 1 — Section: Structure and Function of Cellular
Components
3.
Stem: A muscle biopsy reveals abundant mitochondria with
disrupted cristae. Which cellular process will be most directly
impaired?
, A. Protein synthesis on rough ER
B. ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation
C. Glycolysis in the cytosol
D. DNA replication in the nucleus
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Mitochondrial cristae house components of
the electron transport chain; structural disruption impairs
oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis.
• A: Rough ER ribosomal protein synthesis is independent of
mitochondrial cristae, so A is less directly affected.
• C: Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and may be upregulated
to compensate, so C is not directly impaired by cristae
damage.
• D: Nuclear DNA replication occurs in the nucleus and is not
directly dependent on mitochondrial cristae.
Teaching Point: Intact mitochondrial cristae are essential for
efficient oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation.
Chapter 1 — Section: Structure and Function of Cellular
Components
4.
The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children
9th Edition
• Author(s)Julia Rogers
TEST BANK
McCance & Huether — Pathophysiology, 9th Ed. — Chapter 1:
Cellular Biology.
Stem: A hospitalized patient’s wound culture grows bacteria
that lack a nucleus and have a cell wall containing
peptidoglycan. Which feature differentiates these bacteria from
the patient’s own cells?
A. Presence of membrane-bound organelles
B. Linear chromosomes within a nucleus
C. Peptidoglycan cell wall and absence of membrane-bound
nucleus
D. Mitochondrial ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation
Correct Answer: C
Rationales:
, • Correct (C): Prokaryotes (bacteria) characteristically have a
peptidoglycan cell wall and lack a membrane-bound
nucleus; these features distinguish them structurally and
are targets for antibiotics.
• A: Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles;
prokaryotes do not, so A is incorrect for bacteria.
• B: Linear chromosomes within a nucleus are eukaryotic
characteristics; prokaryotes have a single circular
chromosome, so B is incorrect.
• D: While oxidative phosphorylation occurs in mitochondria
of eukaryotes, some prokaryotes use plasma-membrane-
associated electron transport; this does not define
prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes.
Teaching Point: Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus
and often have peptidoglycan cell walls.
Chapter 1 — Section: Cellular Functions
2.
Stem: A patient’s hepatocytes show increased synthesis of
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) after chronic exposure to
a lipid-soluble toxin. Which cellular function is most likely
upregulated?
A. Protein glycosylation
B. Detoxification and lipid metabolism
,C. Packaging proteins for secretion
D. ATP production via citric acid cycle
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): The SER is primarily involved in lipid synthesis
and detoxification (cytochrome P450 activity), so SER
proliferation reflects increased detoxification and lipid
metabolism.
• A: Protein glycosylation mainly occurs in the rough ER and
Golgi apparatus, not the SER.
• C: Packaging proteins for secretion is a Golgi function, not
SER.
• D: ATP production via the citric acid cycle occurs in
mitochondria, not the SER.
Teaching Point: SER expansion indicates enhanced lipid
synthesis and xenobiotic detoxification.
Chapter 1 — Section: Structure and Function of Cellular
Components
3.
Stem: A muscle biopsy reveals abundant mitochondria with
disrupted cristae. Which cellular process will be most directly
impaired?
, A. Protein synthesis on rough ER
B. ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation
C. Glycolysis in the cytosol
D. DNA replication in the nucleus
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Mitochondrial cristae house components of
the electron transport chain; structural disruption impairs
oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis.
• A: Rough ER ribosomal protein synthesis is independent of
mitochondrial cristae, so A is less directly affected.
• C: Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and may be upregulated
to compensate, so C is not directly impaired by cristae
damage.
• D: Nuclear DNA replication occurs in the nucleus and is not
directly dependent on mitochondrial cristae.
Teaching Point: Intact mitochondrial cristae are essential for
efficient oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation.
Chapter 1 — Section: Structure and Function of Cellular
Components
4.
