AHN 447 Exam 3: Complete Q&A with Verified Solutions-
2025/2026
What MAP is required for adequate flow? - ✔✔at least 60 mmHg
What do baroreceptors do? - ✔✔they're stimulated with elevated BP; drop BP
What do chemoreceptors do? - ✔✔sensitive to hypoxia; increases vasoconstriction to increase perfusion
What happens to the heart as one ages? - ✔✔- valves thicken adn stiffen
- coronary arteries become harder and thicker
What happens to the blood vessels as one ages? - ✔✔- thicken/stiffen
- slow exchange of nutrients from blood and tissues
What happens to the blood as one ages? - ✔✔- blood volume increases
- decrease in bone marrow production of RBC (decrease in H&H)
What is considered orthostatic hypotension? - ✔✔systolic drop of 20 mmHg or diastolic drom of 10
mmHg with 10-20% increase in HR
What is the difference between S1 and S2? - ✔✔S1
- closure of AV valves
- best heard at the apex
- ventricular systole
S2
- closure of PV/AV
- best heard at the base
,- diastole
What is the difference between S3 and S4? - ✔✔S3
- faily normal under 35
- ventricular gallop
- early sign on HF
S4
- atrial gallop
- HTN, MI, Aortic or pulmonic stenosis
turbulent blood flow across the valves - ✔✔
What is the "gold standard" fro diagnostics of cardiac damage and why? - ✔✔Troponin 1; released with
any myocardial damage; any troponin is abnormal and should be treated as a cardiac event
Why is CK-mb not reliable for diagnosing cardiac issues? - ✔✔can give a false positive because it can be
found in multiple places
What are normal total cholesterol levels? - ✔✔less than 200
What are normal HDL levels? - ✔✔greater than 45 in men and greater than 55 in women
What are normal LDL levels? - ✔✔less than 130
What are normal Triglyceride levels? - ✔✔less than 160 in men and less than 135 in women
What should you inform your pt about before a heart cath? - ✔✔may have palpitations; may feel hot
What are the two types of left-sided heart failure? - ✔✔systolic HF and diastolic HF
, loss of ability to contract forcefully - ✔✔systolic heart failure
loss of ventricular wall compliance; cant' adequately fill - ✔✔diastolic heart failure
RV doesn't empty completely and "backs up" into venous system causing peripheral edema - ✔✔right-
sided heart failure
What are the clinical manifestations of left-sisded HF? - ✔✔Manifestations of pulmonary congestions:
- cough, worse at night (ask how many pillows they sleep with)
- dyspnea
- crackles and wheezing
- frothy, pink sputum (pulmonary edema)
- tachypnea
What are the clinical manifestations of right-sisded HF? - ✔✔Manifestations of systemic congestions:
- JVD
- enlarged liver/spleen
- depended edema
- weight gain (need to do daily weights)
- distended abdomen
- swollen hands/fingers
- polyuria
What does it mean when BNP is elevated? When is it released? - ✔✔elevated BNP is indicative of HF
and can mean fluid overload; BNP is released when the cardiac muscle stretches
What are some interventions that can be done to treat dyspnea? - ✔✔- high fowlers to get pressure off
of the heart
2025/2026
What MAP is required for adequate flow? - ✔✔at least 60 mmHg
What do baroreceptors do? - ✔✔they're stimulated with elevated BP; drop BP
What do chemoreceptors do? - ✔✔sensitive to hypoxia; increases vasoconstriction to increase perfusion
What happens to the heart as one ages? - ✔✔- valves thicken adn stiffen
- coronary arteries become harder and thicker
What happens to the blood vessels as one ages? - ✔✔- thicken/stiffen
- slow exchange of nutrients from blood and tissues
What happens to the blood as one ages? - ✔✔- blood volume increases
- decrease in bone marrow production of RBC (decrease in H&H)
What is considered orthostatic hypotension? - ✔✔systolic drop of 20 mmHg or diastolic drom of 10
mmHg with 10-20% increase in HR
What is the difference between S1 and S2? - ✔✔S1
- closure of AV valves
- best heard at the apex
- ventricular systole
S2
- closure of PV/AV
- best heard at the base
,- diastole
What is the difference between S3 and S4? - ✔✔S3
- faily normal under 35
- ventricular gallop
- early sign on HF
S4
- atrial gallop
- HTN, MI, Aortic or pulmonic stenosis
turbulent blood flow across the valves - ✔✔
What is the "gold standard" fro diagnostics of cardiac damage and why? - ✔✔Troponin 1; released with
any myocardial damage; any troponin is abnormal and should be treated as a cardiac event
Why is CK-mb not reliable for diagnosing cardiac issues? - ✔✔can give a false positive because it can be
found in multiple places
What are normal total cholesterol levels? - ✔✔less than 200
What are normal HDL levels? - ✔✔greater than 45 in men and greater than 55 in women
What are normal LDL levels? - ✔✔less than 130
What are normal Triglyceride levels? - ✔✔less than 160 in men and less than 135 in women
What should you inform your pt about before a heart cath? - ✔✔may have palpitations; may feel hot
What are the two types of left-sided heart failure? - ✔✔systolic HF and diastolic HF
, loss of ability to contract forcefully - ✔✔systolic heart failure
loss of ventricular wall compliance; cant' adequately fill - ✔✔diastolic heart failure
RV doesn't empty completely and "backs up" into venous system causing peripheral edema - ✔✔right-
sided heart failure
What are the clinical manifestations of left-sisded HF? - ✔✔Manifestations of pulmonary congestions:
- cough, worse at night (ask how many pillows they sleep with)
- dyspnea
- crackles and wheezing
- frothy, pink sputum (pulmonary edema)
- tachypnea
What are the clinical manifestations of right-sisded HF? - ✔✔Manifestations of systemic congestions:
- JVD
- enlarged liver/spleen
- depended edema
- weight gain (need to do daily weights)
- distended abdomen
- swollen hands/fingers
- polyuria
What does it mean when BNP is elevated? When is it released? - ✔✔elevated BNP is indicative of HF
and can mean fluid overload; BNP is released when the cardiac muscle stretches
What are some interventions that can be done to treat dyspnea? - ✔✔- high fowlers to get pressure off
of the heart
