NST 103 MIDTERM 1 QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS, 100% GUARANTEE
GI tract compartments - oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Secretions come from... - Salivary glands (into oral cavity); liver, gallbladder, pancreas
(into small intestine)
Absorption - movement from GI tract across intestinal epithelial membrane to blood or
lymph
Brush border - aka microvilli on enterocytes in small intestine
chief cell - secretes pepsinogen (inactive but self cleaves in presence of HCl to form
pepsin, which can digest proteins); release gastric lipase
carbonic anhydrase - enzyme in parietal cells that converts CO2 + H2O to H+ and HCO3-
in a reversible reaction, proton can then be pumped into stomach lumen through ATPase,
bicarbonate exchanged for a Cl-, which also enters stomach lumen to form HCl
chyme - food and secretions formed in stomach
colon - aka large intestine
common bile duct - transports secretions of liver and pancreas to the small intestine
corpus -
D-cell - negatively regulating acidification of stomach through release of somatostatin
,digestion - reduce size of molecules and repackage
duodenum - along with jejunum, accounts for most macronutrient absorption
endocrine cell - regulatory, produce important peptides
enterochromaffin-like cell - stimulate acidification of stomach; secretes histamine, acts on
H2 receptor of parietal cell
enterocyte - epithelial cells lining villi of small intestine; mediate absorption of nutrients
esophagus - connects oral cavity with stomach, peristaltic waves move bolus towards
stomach
esophogeal sphincter - where bolus exits esophagus and enters stomach
gallbladder - stores bile made in the liver
fundus - part of the stomach above the cardia
gastric gland - lined with various cell types which mediate and regulate secretions into
stomach
gastrin - acts on receptor on parietal cell, and receptor on ECL (CCK2 receptor) which
stimulates histidine decarboxylase
gastrointestinal tract - where digestion, absorption, secretion, motility, storage,
elimination take place, acts as barrier btn external and internal; wall has 4 basic tissue layers
, surrounding lumen (mucosa - direct contact with food, submucosa - support layer, muscularis -
moving food, serosa - holds abdominal organs in place)
g-cell - stimulate acidification of stomach; secretes gastrin which acts on receptor on
parietal cell, and receptor on ECL (CCK2 receptor) which stimulates histidine decarboxylase
goblet cell - secretes mucin (lubricant, buffer)
hepatic artery - carries oxygenated blood to liver cells
hepatic portal vein - carries deoxygenated but nutrient rich blood from small intestine
histamine - released from ECL, positive regulator of parietal cell HCl secretion;
synthesized from histidine through decarboxylation reaction; acts on H2 receptor of parietal cell,
increases ATPase activity
histidine decarboxylase - facilitates decarboxylation of histidine to form histamine
ileocecal valve - separates small and large intestine
ileum - final portion of small intestine; 60% of length; absorbs bile salts, B12, H2O,
electrolytes
jejunum - along with duodenum, accounts for most macronutrient absorption; middle
portion
lacteal - lymphatic vessels
ANSWERS, 100% GUARANTEE
GI tract compartments - oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Secretions come from... - Salivary glands (into oral cavity); liver, gallbladder, pancreas
(into small intestine)
Absorption - movement from GI tract across intestinal epithelial membrane to blood or
lymph
Brush border - aka microvilli on enterocytes in small intestine
chief cell - secretes pepsinogen (inactive but self cleaves in presence of HCl to form
pepsin, which can digest proteins); release gastric lipase
carbonic anhydrase - enzyme in parietal cells that converts CO2 + H2O to H+ and HCO3-
in a reversible reaction, proton can then be pumped into stomach lumen through ATPase,
bicarbonate exchanged for a Cl-, which also enters stomach lumen to form HCl
chyme - food and secretions formed in stomach
colon - aka large intestine
common bile duct - transports secretions of liver and pancreas to the small intestine
corpus -
D-cell - negatively regulating acidification of stomach through release of somatostatin
,digestion - reduce size of molecules and repackage
duodenum - along with jejunum, accounts for most macronutrient absorption
endocrine cell - regulatory, produce important peptides
enterochromaffin-like cell - stimulate acidification of stomach; secretes histamine, acts on
H2 receptor of parietal cell
enterocyte - epithelial cells lining villi of small intestine; mediate absorption of nutrients
esophagus - connects oral cavity with stomach, peristaltic waves move bolus towards
stomach
esophogeal sphincter - where bolus exits esophagus and enters stomach
gallbladder - stores bile made in the liver
fundus - part of the stomach above the cardia
gastric gland - lined with various cell types which mediate and regulate secretions into
stomach
gastrin - acts on receptor on parietal cell, and receptor on ECL (CCK2 receptor) which
stimulates histidine decarboxylase
gastrointestinal tract - where digestion, absorption, secretion, motility, storage,
elimination take place, acts as barrier btn external and internal; wall has 4 basic tissue layers
, surrounding lumen (mucosa - direct contact with food, submucosa - support layer, muscularis -
moving food, serosa - holds abdominal organs in place)
g-cell - stimulate acidification of stomach; secretes gastrin which acts on receptor on
parietal cell, and receptor on ECL (CCK2 receptor) which stimulates histidine decarboxylase
goblet cell - secretes mucin (lubricant, buffer)
hepatic artery - carries oxygenated blood to liver cells
hepatic portal vein - carries deoxygenated but nutrient rich blood from small intestine
histamine - released from ECL, positive regulator of parietal cell HCl secretion;
synthesized from histidine through decarboxylation reaction; acts on H2 receptor of parietal cell,
increases ATPase activity
histidine decarboxylase - facilitates decarboxylation of histidine to form histamine
ileocecal valve - separates small and large intestine
ileum - final portion of small intestine; 60% of length; absorbs bile salts, B12, H2O,
electrolytes
jejunum - along with duodenum, accounts for most macronutrient absorption; middle
portion
lacteal - lymphatic vessels
