WGU D236 Pathophysiology Final Exam 2025

WGU D236 Pathophysiology Final Exam 2025 While performing the genital assessment of a male client, a nurse observes that the client has curvature of the penis. Which condition does the nurse suspect in the client? Peyronie's disease A client tells a nurse, "My erections lasts for several hours and are painful. "Which medication found in the client's prescription is responsible? Sildenafil A nurse observes that a newborn has an abnormally positioned urethral orifice of the penis. Which disorder will the nurse suspect in the newborn? Hypospadias Which physical finding in a client will lead a nurse to suspect paraphimosis? Permanent retracted position of the foreskin behind the penis A registered nurse is teaching about the medications for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) to a group of student nurses. Which statement of a student nurse indicates the need for further teaching? "Alpha-blockers REDUCE the size of the prostate." Which hormone stimulates Sertoli cells to synthesize spermatozoa? Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) While assessing a male client for reproductive disorders, the primary health-care provider wants to understand whether the client has prostate cancer or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Which diagnostic test will the nurse expect in this case? Both A and B (Ultrasound Urine flow studies) While assessing a male client, a nurse finds erythema, swelling, and tenderness of the scrotum. The client also reports pain in the scrotum. Which disorder does the nurse suspect in the client? WGU D236 WGU D236 Testicular torsion A digital rectal examination (DRE) in a client reveals the enlargement of the prostate gland that is firm, painless, and generalized. Which medications will the nurse anticipate from the primary health-care provider to treat the client? Alpha-blockers & 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors Alpha-blockers help to relax the smooth muscles of the prostate but do not aid in reducing the size of the prostate. While assessing a male client, a nurse observes swelling in the scrotum due to the collection of serous fluid. Which condition does the nurse suspect in the client? HYDROCELE Which disorder can occur due to HIV? Testicular cancer Which artery provides engorgement of the glans during erection? Dorsal After examining an elderly client's penis, a nurse finds the presence of scar tissue in the corpora cavernosum. On further assessment, the nurse confirms Peyronie's disease in the client. Which finding supports the nurse's confirmation? Presence of a curved penis A nurse teaches intervention to a client for healthy spermatogenesis. During a follow-up visit, the nurse finds that the client has risk for diminished sperm production. Which statement of the client supports the nurse's conclusion? "I should take a hot bath regularly." During an assessment, a nurse observes the signs of diminished secondary sexual characteristics in an adult male client. What should be the appropriate nursing action? Measure the morning serum testosterone levels. Which hormone stimulates the Leydig cells of the testes to secrete testosterone? Luteinizing hormone Which cells secrete inhibin hormone? Sertoli cells Which condition can cause ischemia of the testicle? Testicular torsion WGU D236 WGU D236 While assessing a male client, a nurse observes that the client has a small penis, long legs, short trunk, enlarged breast tissues, small testicles, and sexual dysfunction. What reason does the nurse suspect from these findings? Presence of an extra X chromosome Which gland secretes a lubricating fluid that coats the urethra during sexual arousal? Bulbourethral gland Endocrine System Consists of glands secreting hormones into the bloodstream Hormone Regulation Hormones act on target cells by binding to specific receptors Homeostasis Maintenance Hormones regulate physiological parameters for internal balance Growth and Development Hormones influence growth, muscle development, and maturation Stress Response Endocrine system releases cortisol to adapt to stressors Autoimmune Diseases Immune system attacks endocrine glands, causing disorders Neoplastic Growth Tumors in glands disrupt hormone production and functions Pituitary Gland Disorders Conditions affecting pituitary hormone secretion levels Hypopituitarism Underactivity of pituitary gland causing hormone deficiencies Hyperpituitarism Overactivity of pituitary gland leading to hormone excess SIADH Excessive antidiuretic hormone secretion causing water retention Thyroid Disorders Conditions affecting thyroid hormone production and function Graves' Disease WGU D236 WGU D236 Autoimmune hyperthyroidism with goiter and eye involvement Hypothyroidism Underactive thyroid gland causing hormone deficiency symptoms Thyrotoxicosis Excessive thyroid hormone activity in the body Adrenal Gland Disorders Conditions affecting adrenal hormone production and function Cushing's Disease Hypercortisolism due to excessive ACTH production Addison's Disease Adrenal insufficiency from autoimmune adrenal destruction Pheochromocytoma Adrenal tumor producing excess catecholamines Type 1 Diabetes Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells Type 2 Diabetes Insulin resistance leading to decreased insulin production Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Severe hyperglycemia, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome (HHS) Life-threatening hyperglycemia, hyperosmolarity, and dehydration Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) Occurs in older adults with type 2 diabetes, leading to extreme dehydration and altered consciousness. Chlamydia Common STI caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, often asymptomatic but can cause PID and infertility. Gonorrhea STI caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, with symptoms like urethral discharge and pelvic pain. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) WGU D236 WGU D236 Infection of female reproductive organs, commonly caused by STIs, leading to pelvic pain and infertility. LGBTQ Sexual Health Care Unique care needs for LGBTQ individuals related to sexual orientation and gender identity. Endometriosis Condition where endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, causing pelvic pain and infertility. Adenomyosis Endometrial tissue grows into the uterine wall, causing heavy bleeding and pelvic pain. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) Hormonal disorder with ovarian cysts, irregular cycles, and symptoms of androgen excess. Hormone Receptors ER, PR, and HER2 play a key role in breast cancer biology. Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) Rapid growing Breast cancer subtype lacking ER, PR, and HER2 expression, treated with chemotherapy. Ovarian Cancer Malignancy in ovaries with symptoms like bloating, pelvic pain, and bowel habit changes. Cervical Cancer Malignancy in cervix cells, often caused by high-risk HPV infection. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Non-cancerous prostate enlargement causing urinary symptoms in older men. Erectile Dysfunction (ED) Inability to achieve or maintain an erection for sexual intercourse. Prostate Cancer Malignancy in the prostate gland, varying in aggressiveness. Hormone Therapy for Prostate Cancer WGU D236 WGU D236 Aims to reduce androgens stimulating prostate cancer growth, involving testosterone and DHT suppression. Surgical Castration Removal of testes to decrease testosterone production, a permanent form of hormone therapy. Medical Castration Administration of medications suppressing testosterone production by the testes. Anti-Androgens Medications blocking androgen action at the cellular level in prostate cancer treatment. Indications for Hormone Therapy Used in locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer, alone or with other treatments. Side Effects of Hormone Therapy Include hot flashes, loss of libido, erectile dysfunction, fatigue, weight gain, and metabolic changes. Long-term Hormone Therapy Risks May increase risk of cognitive impairment, mood changes, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Esophagus Muscular tube connecting throat to stomach for food transport Peristalsis Coordinated muscular contractions aiding food movement in esophagus Lower Esophageal Sphincter Regulates food passage, prevents stomach reflux into esophagus Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Weak LES causes stomach acid reflux, leading to heartburn Esophageal Stricture Narrowing of esophagus from chronic inflammation or scarring Stomach Upper abdomen organ for food digestion, storage, and mixing Chyme Semi-liquid food mixture formed in the stomach WGU D236 WGU D236 Gastritis Stomach lining inflammation from infections, medications, or alcohol Small Intestine Longest digestive tract part for nutrient digestion and absorption Villi and Microvilli Structures aiding nutrient absorption in the small intestine Malabsorption Syndromes Conditions impairing nutrient absorption like celiac disease Small Bowel Obstruction Blockage in the small intestine causing abdominal symptoms Inflammation Digestive tract swelling from immune responses, infections, or autoimmune reactions Ischemia Reduced blood flow to the gut leading to tissue damage Chemical Injury Gastrointestinal mucosa damage from irritants or toxic substances Immune Disorders Autoimmune diseases attacking the gut, causing inflammation Abdominal Pain Common manifestation of gastrointestinal disorders Perforation Intestinal wall hole from severe inflammation or injury Fistulas Abnormal connections between digestive tract parts or or