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GMS 6552 EXAM 2 NEWEST ACTUAL 2025/2026
WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
.VERIFED/GRADED A+
Oncogene - (ANSWER)A gene that causes or contributes to the development of
cancer
Hallmarks of Cancer - (ANSWER)Sustaining proliferative signaling
Evading growth suppressors
Activating invasion and metastasis
Enabling replicative immortality
Inducing angiogenesis
Resisting cell death
In vivo oncogenic evidence - (ANSWER)Cause cancer when activated in a
transgenic animal
Render nontumorigenic cells tumorigenic
Knock down or knock out in tumorigenic cells renders the cells nontumorigenic
Activation/overexpression of the oncogene is strongly correlated with human
cancer
In vitro oncogenic evidence - (ANSWER)Causes anchorage-independent growth in
soft agar (protection from anoikis)
Causes focus formation (loss of contact inhibition)
Renders cell growth factor independent
, 2
Oncogenes in Cancer - (ANSWER)Aberrant expression of proto-oncogenes that
increases cell proliferation/survival
First identified in cancer-causing viruses
Typically a dominant mechanism
Oncogene activation is usually limited to somatic tissue, but more cases of
inherited oncogene mutations are being found
Biochemical functions of oncogenes - (ANSWER)G-proteins (Ras)
Protein Kinases (Raf, Akt)
Lipid Kinases (PI3-Kinase)
Transcription Factors (Myc)
Binding and inactivating apoptotic proteins (BCL2)
Protein Kinase regulatory subunits (Cyclins A, E, D)
Transcriptional coactivators (B-Catenin, YAP, TAZ)
Five Ways to Activate Oncogenes - (ANSWER)1. Mutation of gene to make it
overactive
2. Amplification of a normal gene
3. Chromosomal Rearrangement
4. Promoter/enhancer insertion
5. Hypomethylation of oncogene
, 3
Amplification - (ANSWER)Multiple gene copies = too much transcript and protein
DNA sequencing, DNA-PCR
RNA sequencing, RNA-PCR
Protein: Western
Chromosomal Rearrangement - (ANSWER)Affects regulatory region of oncogene
Cytogenetics
PCR using primers
Promoter/Enhancer Insertion - (ANSWER)From retroviral integration near
oncogene
Gene expression activated from the viral promoter
Should activate oncogenes or disrupt tumor suppressors
Can find new genes
Hypomethylation of Oncogenes - (ANSWER)Ex. N-ras is activated in liver cancer
due to under-methylated promoter, allowing gene expression
Directly measure methylation using methyl-sensitive restriction enzyme/genomic
DNA,, bisulfite genomic sequencing, or methylation specific PCR
measure RNA/protein level
Oncogenes in medical practice - (ANSWER)Specific diagnosis, sub-classification of
tumor type, and/or prognosis can be based on certain gene involvement
GMS 6552 EXAM 2 NEWEST ACTUAL 2025/2026
WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
.VERIFED/GRADED A+
Oncogene - (ANSWER)A gene that causes or contributes to the development of
cancer
Hallmarks of Cancer - (ANSWER)Sustaining proliferative signaling
Evading growth suppressors
Activating invasion and metastasis
Enabling replicative immortality
Inducing angiogenesis
Resisting cell death
In vivo oncogenic evidence - (ANSWER)Cause cancer when activated in a
transgenic animal
Render nontumorigenic cells tumorigenic
Knock down or knock out in tumorigenic cells renders the cells nontumorigenic
Activation/overexpression of the oncogene is strongly correlated with human
cancer
In vitro oncogenic evidence - (ANSWER)Causes anchorage-independent growth in
soft agar (protection from anoikis)
Causes focus formation (loss of contact inhibition)
Renders cell growth factor independent
, 2
Oncogenes in Cancer - (ANSWER)Aberrant expression of proto-oncogenes that
increases cell proliferation/survival
First identified in cancer-causing viruses
Typically a dominant mechanism
Oncogene activation is usually limited to somatic tissue, but more cases of
inherited oncogene mutations are being found
Biochemical functions of oncogenes - (ANSWER)G-proteins (Ras)
Protein Kinases (Raf, Akt)
Lipid Kinases (PI3-Kinase)
Transcription Factors (Myc)
Binding and inactivating apoptotic proteins (BCL2)
Protein Kinase regulatory subunits (Cyclins A, E, D)
Transcriptional coactivators (B-Catenin, YAP, TAZ)
Five Ways to Activate Oncogenes - (ANSWER)1. Mutation of gene to make it
overactive
2. Amplification of a normal gene
3. Chromosomal Rearrangement
4. Promoter/enhancer insertion
5. Hypomethylation of oncogene
, 3
Amplification - (ANSWER)Multiple gene copies = too much transcript and protein
DNA sequencing, DNA-PCR
RNA sequencing, RNA-PCR
Protein: Western
Chromosomal Rearrangement - (ANSWER)Affects regulatory region of oncogene
Cytogenetics
PCR using primers
Promoter/Enhancer Insertion - (ANSWER)From retroviral integration near
oncogene
Gene expression activated from the viral promoter
Should activate oncogenes or disrupt tumor suppressors
Can find new genes
Hypomethylation of Oncogenes - (ANSWER)Ex. N-ras is activated in liver cancer
due to under-methylated promoter, allowing gene expression
Directly measure methylation using methyl-sensitive restriction enzyme/genomic
DNA,, bisulfite genomic sequencing, or methylation specific PCR
measure RNA/protein level
Oncogenes in medical practice - (ANSWER)Specific diagnosis, sub-classification of
tumor type, and/or prognosis can be based on certain gene involvement
