NFDN 2003 Final Review Questions and Verified Answers, 100% Guarantee
Signs and Symptoms of Metabolic Acidosis - - headache
- decreased BP
- *hyperkalemia*
- *muscle twitching*
- warm, flushed skin (vasodilation)
- nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
- changes in LOC, confusion, increase in drowsiness
- *Kussmal respirations (compensatory hyperventilation)*
Signs and Symptoms of Metabolic Alkalosis - - restlessness, followed by lethargy
- dysrhythmias, tachycardia
- *compensatory hypoventilation*
- confusion, decreased LOC, dizzy, irritable
- nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
- *tremors, muscle cramps, tingling of fingers and toes*
- *hypokalemia*
Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Acidosis - - hypoventilation --> hypoxia
- rapid, shallow respirations
- decrease BP with vasodilation
- dypsnea
- headache
- hyperkalemia
- dysrhythmias,
- muscle weakness
- drowsiness, dizziness, disorientation
, Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Alkalosis - -seizures
-deep, rapid breathing
-hyperventilation
-tachycardia
-decreased or normal BP
-hypokalemia
-numbness and tingling of extremities
-lethargy and confusion
-light headedness
-nausea, vomiting
isotonic - -Osmolality close to that of the blood plasma and do not cause red blood cells to
swell or shrink
-Adds volume*
◦Same salt concentration as the normal cells in the
body and blood
hypertonic - -Osmolality higher than that of the serum (Higher salt concentration than
normal cells and blood)
-causes cell to shrink*
-Draw fluid from the ICF and cause cells to shrink
hypotonic - -Osmolality lower then that of the serum (lower salt concentration)
Signs and Symptoms of Metabolic Acidosis - - headache
- decreased BP
- *hyperkalemia*
- *muscle twitching*
- warm, flushed skin (vasodilation)
- nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
- changes in LOC, confusion, increase in drowsiness
- *Kussmal respirations (compensatory hyperventilation)*
Signs and Symptoms of Metabolic Alkalosis - - restlessness, followed by lethargy
- dysrhythmias, tachycardia
- *compensatory hypoventilation*
- confusion, decreased LOC, dizzy, irritable
- nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
- *tremors, muscle cramps, tingling of fingers and toes*
- *hypokalemia*
Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Acidosis - - hypoventilation --> hypoxia
- rapid, shallow respirations
- decrease BP with vasodilation
- dypsnea
- headache
- hyperkalemia
- dysrhythmias,
- muscle weakness
- drowsiness, dizziness, disorientation
, Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Alkalosis - -seizures
-deep, rapid breathing
-hyperventilation
-tachycardia
-decreased or normal BP
-hypokalemia
-numbness and tingling of extremities
-lethargy and confusion
-light headedness
-nausea, vomiting
isotonic - -Osmolality close to that of the blood plasma and do not cause red blood cells to
swell or shrink
-Adds volume*
◦Same salt concentration as the normal cells in the
body and blood
hypertonic - -Osmolality higher than that of the serum (Higher salt concentration than
normal cells and blood)
-causes cell to shrink*
-Draw fluid from the ICF and cause cells to shrink
hypotonic - -Osmolality lower then that of the serum (lower salt concentration)
