BIO 168 MIDTERM EXAM
QUESTIONS VERIFIED CORRECT
SOLUTIONS!!
Skin layers from top to bottom - ANSWERStratum corneum, Stratum lucidem,
Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum basale
Epidermis (surface) - ANSWERkeratinized, stratified squamous epithelium, made of
keratinocytes - produce fibrous protein keratin and also made of melanocytes that
produce melanin, epidermal dendritic cells (Langerhans) and tactile cells (Merkel)
Dermis (middle) - ANSWERstrong, flexible connective tissue that is made mostly of
fibroblasts and macrophages as well as occasionally mast cells and WBCs, 2 layers
- thin papillary layer (vascular) and thicker reticular layer (strength)
Hypodermis (deep) - ANSWERsubcutaneous layer, mostly adipose tissue
What gives us our skin color? - ANSWERmelanin - yellow to reddish-brown to black
pigments give diversity to skin colors
What are the four appendages of the skin? - ANSWERhairs and hair follicles, nails,
sweat glands and oil glands
What is the function of the hair appendage? - ANSWERalerting the body to the
presence of insects on skin, guarding scalp against trauma, heat loss and sunlight
Osteoblast cells - ANSWERsecrete the organic matrix of bone and osteocytes are
housed in lacunae, similar to chondrocyte cells
Osteocyte cells - ANSWERmature bone cell (located in lacunae)
Osteoclast cells - ANSWERbreak down bone matrix and resorb the minerals
Intramembranous ossification - ANSWERmembrane bone develops from fibrous
membrane, forms flat bones ex: clavicles and cranial bones
What is the function of the nails appendage? - ANSWERprotect the end of
fingers/toes from injury, allow ability to pick up objects, support tips
What is the function of the sweat glands appendage? - ANSWERapocrine - sexually
stimulated scent glands, eccrine - most common sweat gland, thermoregulation,
mammary glands in females secrete milk (modified apocrine)
What are the functions of skin? - ANSWERProtection, body temperature regulation,
cutaneous sensation, metabolic functions, blood reservoir, excretion
, Basal cell carcinoma - ANSWERstratum basale cells proliferate and slowly invade
dermis and hypodermis, least malignant, most common
Squamus cell carcinoma - ANSWERkeratinocytes of stratum spinosum proliferate
forming lesions most often on head
Melanoma - ANSWERmelanocytes proliferate and rapidly metastasize, most
dangerous
What is the ABCD rule? - ANSWERasymmetry, border irregularity, color, diameter
What are the two big concerns with burns? - ANSWERimmediate threat (dehydration
and electrolyte imbalance leading to renal shutdown and circulatory shock) and the
farther threat (infection of the area)
What is the rule of nines? - ANSWEReach upper limb = 9%
each lower limb = 18%
anterior and posterior trunk = 18% each
head and neck = 9%
perineum and genitalia = 1%
How do we determine if a burn is critical? - ANSWER>25% of the body has 2nd
degree burns, >10% of the body has 3rd degree burns, face/hands/feet bear 3rd
degree burns (face can lead to damage to airways)
What are the two types of bone tissue and what are they made of? -
ANSWERcompact bone made of osteons and spongy bone made of trabeculae
Osteon diagram - ANSWERTwisting force of lamellae add strength (twister resister)
What are the 3 skeletal cartilages? - ANSWERhyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
Hyaline cartilage - ANSWERProvides support, flexibility, and resilience, collagen
fibers only; most abundant type, articular (joint), costal, respiratory, nasal cartilage
Elastic cartilage - ANSWERcontains elastic fibers, external ear and epiglottis
Fibrocartilage - ANSWERcartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as
that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord, have great tensile strength, act as
shock absorbers between vertebrae
How are bones classified? - ANSWERby location - axial (trunk) skeleton and
appendicular (limbs) skeleton and by shape - long bones, short (cube) bones, flat
bones, irregular complicated bones
Long bone diagram - ANSWER
What are the four bone cells? - ANSWERosteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes,
osteoclasts
QUESTIONS VERIFIED CORRECT
SOLUTIONS!!
Skin layers from top to bottom - ANSWERStratum corneum, Stratum lucidem,
Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum basale
Epidermis (surface) - ANSWERkeratinized, stratified squamous epithelium, made of
keratinocytes - produce fibrous protein keratin and also made of melanocytes that
produce melanin, epidermal dendritic cells (Langerhans) and tactile cells (Merkel)
Dermis (middle) - ANSWERstrong, flexible connective tissue that is made mostly of
fibroblasts and macrophages as well as occasionally mast cells and WBCs, 2 layers
- thin papillary layer (vascular) and thicker reticular layer (strength)
Hypodermis (deep) - ANSWERsubcutaneous layer, mostly adipose tissue
What gives us our skin color? - ANSWERmelanin - yellow to reddish-brown to black
pigments give diversity to skin colors
What are the four appendages of the skin? - ANSWERhairs and hair follicles, nails,
sweat glands and oil glands
What is the function of the hair appendage? - ANSWERalerting the body to the
presence of insects on skin, guarding scalp against trauma, heat loss and sunlight
Osteoblast cells - ANSWERsecrete the organic matrix of bone and osteocytes are
housed in lacunae, similar to chondrocyte cells
Osteocyte cells - ANSWERmature bone cell (located in lacunae)
Osteoclast cells - ANSWERbreak down bone matrix and resorb the minerals
Intramembranous ossification - ANSWERmembrane bone develops from fibrous
membrane, forms flat bones ex: clavicles and cranial bones
What is the function of the nails appendage? - ANSWERprotect the end of
fingers/toes from injury, allow ability to pick up objects, support tips
What is the function of the sweat glands appendage? - ANSWERapocrine - sexually
stimulated scent glands, eccrine - most common sweat gland, thermoregulation,
mammary glands in females secrete milk (modified apocrine)
What are the functions of skin? - ANSWERProtection, body temperature regulation,
cutaneous sensation, metabolic functions, blood reservoir, excretion
, Basal cell carcinoma - ANSWERstratum basale cells proliferate and slowly invade
dermis and hypodermis, least malignant, most common
Squamus cell carcinoma - ANSWERkeratinocytes of stratum spinosum proliferate
forming lesions most often on head
Melanoma - ANSWERmelanocytes proliferate and rapidly metastasize, most
dangerous
What is the ABCD rule? - ANSWERasymmetry, border irregularity, color, diameter
What are the two big concerns with burns? - ANSWERimmediate threat (dehydration
and electrolyte imbalance leading to renal shutdown and circulatory shock) and the
farther threat (infection of the area)
What is the rule of nines? - ANSWEReach upper limb = 9%
each lower limb = 18%
anterior and posterior trunk = 18% each
head and neck = 9%
perineum and genitalia = 1%
How do we determine if a burn is critical? - ANSWER>25% of the body has 2nd
degree burns, >10% of the body has 3rd degree burns, face/hands/feet bear 3rd
degree burns (face can lead to damage to airways)
What are the two types of bone tissue and what are they made of? -
ANSWERcompact bone made of osteons and spongy bone made of trabeculae
Osteon diagram - ANSWERTwisting force of lamellae add strength (twister resister)
What are the 3 skeletal cartilages? - ANSWERhyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
Hyaline cartilage - ANSWERProvides support, flexibility, and resilience, collagen
fibers only; most abundant type, articular (joint), costal, respiratory, nasal cartilage
Elastic cartilage - ANSWERcontains elastic fibers, external ear and epiglottis
Fibrocartilage - ANSWERcartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as
that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord, have great tensile strength, act as
shock absorbers between vertebrae
How are bones classified? - ANSWERby location - axial (trunk) skeleton and
appendicular (limbs) skeleton and by shape - long bones, short (cube) bones, flat
bones, irregular complicated bones
Long bone diagram - ANSWER
What are the four bone cells? - ANSWERosteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes,
osteoclasts
