NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology
Final Exam Study Guide - Chamberlain
Questions with Rationalized Answers, Guarantee passing score
This exam features: multiple-choice ques & Ans
1. Post-Ictal Phase
Post-ictal phase of a seizure is characterized by confusion, unresponsiveness and
muscle flaccidity.
True
False: This statement is true. Post-ictal phase of a seizure is characterized by
confusion, unresponsiveness and muscle flaccidity.
2. Etiology of Seizures
Which of the following is an etiology of a seizure?
Meningitis.
Psychiatric disorders.
Cerebral bleeding.
All of the above.: All of the above
,Usually involves one brain hemisphere.
The symptoms are generalized.
Patient will have both motor and sensory symptoms at the same time.: A focal
seizure only involves on brain hemisphere.
4. Seizure Development
Which of the following electrolyte abnormality is involved in the initiation and
propagation phase of seizure development?
Hyponatremia.
Hypokalemia.
Hypercalcemia.
Hypernatremia.: The initiation and propagation phase of seizure development is
impacted by hyponatremia.
5. Epilepsy vs Seizure: Convulsions
Epilepsy is a disorder that is due to one or more chronic conditions in the body. It
is characterized by disturbed nerve cell activity in the brain. This leads to recurrent
seizures. Seizures may occur due to brain trauma that leads to disturbed and
uncontrolled nerve activity in the brain. It is important to differentiate between
epilepsy and seizure.
Seizure is a condition that occurs due to excessive and uncontrolled neuronal activity
in the brain. The uncontrolled neuron activity can be generalized or localized to
one area of the brain. For example, it can be localized just to the area that perceives
the touch sensation. Whether it is generalized or localized, the excessive neuronal
,tween the excitation and inhibition of neurons in the CNS. Neuronal activity is
regulated by acetylcholine (ACH) and gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA).
Neurons are synchronously active at the same time when they are not supposed
to be.
The term active denotes neuron firing where they are sending electrical signals
from neuron to neuron. A microscope view of a neuron will demonstrate that each
electrical signal that passes through it are just ions floating in and out through
protein channels (see diagram below). The ion flow is controlled through
neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors to tell the cell to either
open the ion chan- nels to relay the chemical message (excitatory
neurotransmitters) or close the ion channels to inhibit the electrical message
(inhibitory neurotransmitters).
7. Phases of seizures: Phases of Seizures
During a seizure, clusters of neurons in the brain become temporarily impaired.
Seizures develop in a group of neurons when there is hyperexcitability and
usually happens in two phases:
Initiation phase: Some neurons become hyperexcited and start to have excess
neuron discharges. One of the most important reasons relates to the body's sodium
level as in the case of hyponatremia.
Propagation phase: Normally the neurons that have neuronal discharges are sur-
round by a zone of inhibitory neurons called the zone of hyperpolarization. This
zone prevents the spread of excessive neuron discharges to other parts of the
brain. But due to some abnormality in the brain, as in the case of decreased
, discharges. In a partial seizure, a portion of the brain is involved. During a
generalized seizure, the neuronal discharge encompasses the entire cerebral
cortex.
8. This seizure is most common in children. It is caused by a genetic ab-
normality. They are characterized by sudden and brief loss of consciousness
without muscle tone and last for only a few seconds. There is no associated
post-ictal confusion.: Absent Seizures
9. This seizure is characterized by unconsciousness and muscle rigidity.: -
Tonic Seizures
10. There is wide-spread and uncontrolled neuron activity in the entire cere-
bral cortex. These occur in 10% of patients who have epilepsy. There is exces-
Final Exam Study Guide - Chamberlain
Questions with Rationalized Answers, Guarantee passing score
This exam features: multiple-choice ques & Ans
1. Post-Ictal Phase
Post-ictal phase of a seizure is characterized by confusion, unresponsiveness and
muscle flaccidity.
True
False: This statement is true. Post-ictal phase of a seizure is characterized by
confusion, unresponsiveness and muscle flaccidity.
2. Etiology of Seizures
Which of the following is an etiology of a seizure?
Meningitis.
Psychiatric disorders.
Cerebral bleeding.
All of the above.: All of the above
,Usually involves one brain hemisphere.
The symptoms are generalized.
Patient will have both motor and sensory symptoms at the same time.: A focal
seizure only involves on brain hemisphere.
4. Seizure Development
Which of the following electrolyte abnormality is involved in the initiation and
propagation phase of seizure development?
Hyponatremia.
Hypokalemia.
Hypercalcemia.
Hypernatremia.: The initiation and propagation phase of seizure development is
impacted by hyponatremia.
5. Epilepsy vs Seizure: Convulsions
Epilepsy is a disorder that is due to one or more chronic conditions in the body. It
is characterized by disturbed nerve cell activity in the brain. This leads to recurrent
seizures. Seizures may occur due to brain trauma that leads to disturbed and
uncontrolled nerve activity in the brain. It is important to differentiate between
epilepsy and seizure.
Seizure is a condition that occurs due to excessive and uncontrolled neuronal activity
in the brain. The uncontrolled neuron activity can be generalized or localized to
one area of the brain. For example, it can be localized just to the area that perceives
the touch sensation. Whether it is generalized or localized, the excessive neuronal
,tween the excitation and inhibition of neurons in the CNS. Neuronal activity is
regulated by acetylcholine (ACH) and gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA).
Neurons are synchronously active at the same time when they are not supposed
to be.
The term active denotes neuron firing where they are sending electrical signals
from neuron to neuron. A microscope view of a neuron will demonstrate that each
electrical signal that passes through it are just ions floating in and out through
protein channels (see diagram below). The ion flow is controlled through
neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors to tell the cell to either
open the ion chan- nels to relay the chemical message (excitatory
neurotransmitters) or close the ion channels to inhibit the electrical message
(inhibitory neurotransmitters).
7. Phases of seizures: Phases of Seizures
During a seizure, clusters of neurons in the brain become temporarily impaired.
Seizures develop in a group of neurons when there is hyperexcitability and
usually happens in two phases:
Initiation phase: Some neurons become hyperexcited and start to have excess
neuron discharges. One of the most important reasons relates to the body's sodium
level as in the case of hyponatremia.
Propagation phase: Normally the neurons that have neuronal discharges are sur-
round by a zone of inhibitory neurons called the zone of hyperpolarization. This
zone prevents the spread of excessive neuron discharges to other parts of the
brain. But due to some abnormality in the brain, as in the case of decreased
, discharges. In a partial seizure, a portion of the brain is involved. During a
generalized seizure, the neuronal discharge encompasses the entire cerebral
cortex.
8. This seizure is most common in children. It is caused by a genetic ab-
normality. They are characterized by sudden and brief loss of consciousness
without muscle tone and last for only a few seconds. There is no associated
post-ictal confusion.: Absent Seizures
9. This seizure is characterized by unconsciousness and muscle rigidity.: -
Tonic Seizures
10. There is wide-spread and uncontrolled neuron activity in the entire cere-
bral cortex. These occur in 10% of patients who have epilepsy. There is exces-
