Fats and Oils Hydrogenation
* mptoitat Nasiri more saturated /Pudu's)
Biodiesel
produced by transesterification
* polyunsaturated fantails → hardened to form A alternative fuel made from waste veg .
oil / oillrom seeds
neat mixed
solids fan before used as margarine used in any diesel engine ,
or
hfNffA| * hydrogen added across c- Cbond , until A it's ethyl /methyl enrol fatty acid
( neutral
correct consistency * green fuel + H engine emission
* fats : protect
,
organs
* non -
toxic / biodegradable
i. provides insulation +
energy
* they are esters triesreror glycerol + farm acids I of -
- + Hz → - i i -
-
* heatoilwl
,
excess alcohol
wlaq Nqotlcaraiuir
' '
1
c. acids
* animal 1-
Veg fan / oils = esters or long-chain
CH , -0
É R CHI -
OH
H
-
-
* bubble Hi gas IH
"
µ -
L -
on glycerol
through " ' it, - o.ci?p+3CHzOHN-5 -
OH
,
c -
oh / propane -1,2 ,
} trial
-
temp .
: about 150°C
dth.o.ci -
R
Ith -
Ot,
µ -
☒ llltalyst : finely divided
H
-
f -
OH
nickel powder
H
Saponification
Transesterification fall hydrolysed
fOrmatitnot farm acids
→
triglyceride
-
* process by which diff .
carboxylate RCOO ,
-
can be exchanged A infooa → rancid smell but controlled hudrolulit Useful
" between different triglycerides
H
I
g H -
,
c
-
o -
É -
" Hino -
Ctb
used to A Mpt of fat / Oil ☒ reflux fat w/ dilute alkali / e.g. KOHL →
potassium sand fatty acids
H -
C -
OH
ftp.E-ccthhb.CH
it
I " " " ' 6- ""
A temp : 120°C * these salts Used as hydrolysis process
f soaps
H 1-
o :
saponification
- -
1. µ
-
3
-
+ , →
µ ,
É
-
oil heated WI dilute NaOH glycerol
H
f A 1-
-
1 -
o - -
latino -
CH ,
-1%-111-1,1
H C OH '
f
- -
' "
3m01 long chain / fatty acid
f,
.
H C -
o -
CH}
1m01 ester 0110114 acid
,
-
,
1m01
-
Intermolecular : ,
glycerol t
É 1- É 31101-1
.
111-1216 t →
É
H -
° CH,
É
-
- -
Chio
-
R
✗É
-
(tho R pi
Cho
d
- - - -
211-101-1
H O 11th ) / o CH }
( is / Trans
tho
- - -
two
-
+
→
,
LHIO -
É -
R thro É- -
R
'
thro É - -
R,
H
* Unsarured fats can have cis-trans isomerism H
* trans faith risnotloronary
-
disease # Intramolecular : H -
d -
011
* ( is / 2= cannot pack close together d t 311-13111-121101004
liquid at room temp
É
: ou
CHIOH H
- -
no
.
c. Hip - -
r I
* transit linear : pack closely together M points
d. y f Potassium
'
:
{ µ ,µ
. .
→ µ -
-
c -
R h -
-
oh ☒
of contract for vdw 's lampt than cis isomer stearate
I,
→
{ µ ,µ, { µ , , ,, glycerol
* mptoitat Nasiri more saturated /Pudu's)
Biodiesel
produced by transesterification
* polyunsaturated fantails → hardened to form A alternative fuel made from waste veg .
oil / oillrom seeds
neat mixed
solids fan before used as margarine used in any diesel engine ,
or
hfNffA| * hydrogen added across c- Cbond , until A it's ethyl /methyl enrol fatty acid
( neutral
correct consistency * green fuel + H engine emission
* fats : protect
,
organs
* non -
toxic / biodegradable
i. provides insulation +
energy
* they are esters triesreror glycerol + farm acids I of -
- + Hz → - i i -
-
* heatoilwl
,
excess alcohol
wlaq Nqotlcaraiuir
' '
1
c. acids
* animal 1-
Veg fan / oils = esters or long-chain
CH , -0
É R CHI -
OH
H
-
-
* bubble Hi gas IH
"
µ -
L -
on glycerol
through " ' it, - o.ci?p+3CHzOHN-5 -
OH
,
c -
oh / propane -1,2 ,
} trial
-
temp .
: about 150°C
dth.o.ci -
R
Ith -
Ot,
µ -
☒ llltalyst : finely divided
H
-
f -
OH
nickel powder
H
Saponification
Transesterification fall hydrolysed
fOrmatitnot farm acids
→
triglyceride
-
* process by which diff .
carboxylate RCOO ,
-
can be exchanged A infooa → rancid smell but controlled hudrolulit Useful
" between different triglycerides
H
I
g H -
,
c
-
o -
É -
" Hino -
Ctb
used to A Mpt of fat / Oil ☒ reflux fat w/ dilute alkali / e.g. KOHL →
potassium sand fatty acids
H -
C -
OH
ftp.E-ccthhb.CH
it
I " " " ' 6- ""
A temp : 120°C * these salts Used as hydrolysis process
f soaps
H 1-
o :
saponification
- -
1. µ
-
3
-
+ , →
µ ,
É
-
oil heated WI dilute NaOH glycerol
H
f A 1-
-
1 -
o - -
latino -
CH ,
-1%-111-1,1
H C OH '
f
- -
' "
3m01 long chain / fatty acid
f,
.
H C -
o -
CH}
1m01 ester 0110114 acid
,
-
,
1m01
-
Intermolecular : ,
glycerol t
É 1- É 31101-1
.
111-1216 t →
É
H -
° CH,
É
-
- -
Chio
-
R
✗É
-
(tho R pi
Cho
d
- - - -
211-101-1
H O 11th ) / o CH }
( is / Trans
tho
- - -
two
-
+
→
,
LHIO -
É -
R thro É- -
R
'
thro É - -
R,
H
* Unsarured fats can have cis-trans isomerism H
* trans faith risnotloronary
-
disease # Intramolecular : H -
d -
011
* ( is / 2= cannot pack close together d t 311-13111-121101004
liquid at room temp
É
: ou
CHIOH H
- -
no
.
c. Hip - -
r I
* transit linear : pack closely together M points
d. y f Potassium
'
:
{ µ ,µ
. .
→ µ -
-
c -
R h -
-
oh ☒
of contract for vdw 's lampt than cis isomer stearate
I,
→
{ µ ,µ, { µ , , ,, glycerol
