MARYVILLE NURS 611 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM
1 LATEST 2025/2026 COMPLETE QUESTION AND ANSWER
GRADED A+ ANSWERED
What are ribosomes?
RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted
into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
Where can ribosomes be found?
cytoplasm and rough ER
what are ribosomes chief function?
provides sits for cellular protein synthesis
What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)?
a network of flatten, smooth membranes and vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of
the cell
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
takes proteins from the ER and processes/packages them into small membrane-bound vesicles
called "secretory vesicles, and refines and directs traffic in the cell
What are lysosomes and what do they do?
maintain cellular health by removal of toxic cellular components, removal of useless organelles,
termination of signal transduction, and signals cellular adaption
,How does aging affect lysosomes?
leads to progressive loss of lysosomal efficiency which declines the regenerative capacity of
organs and tissue
What functions do lysosomal components integrate?
nutrient abundance, energy levels, and cell stressors and will translate them into instructions
that regulate cellular metabolism toward either proliferation or inactivity
What is mitochondria responsible for?
cellular respiration, cellular metabolism , and energy production
What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain?
enzymes of the respiratory chain and are essential to the process of oxidative phosphorylation
that generates most of the cell's ATP
The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1), involve what two things (2),
and metabolizes what three things (3)?
1- metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form metabolic dearangements?
carbs, proteins, and lipids
What is physiologic atrophy?
, occurs in early development. ex: thymus glad during childhood
What is pathologic atrophy?
occurs as a result of decreases in workload, use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and
hormonal stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to decreased hormonal stimulation. and
an pt immobilized in bed for a prolonged time
what is hypertrophy?
increase in cell size
Example of beneficial physiologic hypertrophy?
hypertrophy of myocardial cells from endurance training
example of pathologic hypertrophy
cardiomegaly in a hypertensive patient
What is hyperplasia?
increase in the number of cells
example of compensatory hyperplasia?
regeneration of the liver
example of pathological hyperplasia
endometrial tissue
1 LATEST 2025/2026 COMPLETE QUESTION AND ANSWER
GRADED A+ ANSWERED
What are ribosomes?
RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted
into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
Where can ribosomes be found?
cytoplasm and rough ER
what are ribosomes chief function?
provides sits for cellular protein synthesis
What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)?
a network of flatten, smooth membranes and vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of
the cell
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
takes proteins from the ER and processes/packages them into small membrane-bound vesicles
called "secretory vesicles, and refines and directs traffic in the cell
What are lysosomes and what do they do?
maintain cellular health by removal of toxic cellular components, removal of useless organelles,
termination of signal transduction, and signals cellular adaption
,How does aging affect lysosomes?
leads to progressive loss of lysosomal efficiency which declines the regenerative capacity of
organs and tissue
What functions do lysosomal components integrate?
nutrient abundance, energy levels, and cell stressors and will translate them into instructions
that regulate cellular metabolism toward either proliferation or inactivity
What is mitochondria responsible for?
cellular respiration, cellular metabolism , and energy production
What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain?
enzymes of the respiratory chain and are essential to the process of oxidative phosphorylation
that generates most of the cell's ATP
The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1), involve what two things (2),
and metabolizes what three things (3)?
1- metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form metabolic dearangements?
carbs, proteins, and lipids
What is physiologic atrophy?
, occurs in early development. ex: thymus glad during childhood
What is pathologic atrophy?
occurs as a result of decreases in workload, use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and
hormonal stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to decreased hormonal stimulation. and
an pt immobilized in bed for a prolonged time
what is hypertrophy?
increase in cell size
Example of beneficial physiologic hypertrophy?
hypertrophy of myocardial cells from endurance training
example of pathologic hypertrophy
cardiomegaly in a hypertensive patient
What is hyperplasia?
increase in the number of cells
example of compensatory hyperplasia?
regeneration of the liver
example of pathological hyperplasia
endometrial tissue
