LIFE AT MOLECULAR, CELLULAR
AND TISSUE LEVEL
DNA - Codes of Life
NUCLEIC ACIDS (molecules of life):
● capacity to store info - which controls cellular activity / development
of entire organism ----> do this by controlling synthesis of
proteins
● Make up most of structure of body (but enzymes = proteins) - also
control chemical processes in cells
NUCLEIC ACIDS FOUND IN CELLS
1. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
2. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
WHO DISCOVERED THE STRUCTURE OF DNA ?
● Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin, Franci Crick and James Watson
● 1962 - Watson, Crick, Wilkin won Nobel Prize for physiology/medicine.
Franklin died of cancer (only able to accept the award if alive)
● READ P. 128
WHERE IS DNA FOUND ?
● MAINLY IN NUCLEUS OF CELL (forms important part of chromosomes that make
up chromatin network)
, ○ Chromatin: chromosomal material made up of DNA/RNA and histone
found in non-dividing cell
● DNA molecule - coiled so structure can fit in nucleus
WHAT IS EXTRANUCLEAR DNA ?
Small amount of DNA found outside nucleus in mitochondria (plants +
animals)and chloroplasts (plants)
HOW IS DNA MADE UP?
Two strands for stable 3D double helix
UNITS MAKING UP DNA:
● DNA molecule = long chain (polymer) made up of small units (monomers)
Building blocks called NUcleotides
EACH NUCLEOTIDE IS MADE UP FROM:
1. Sugar molecule - deoxyribose (S)
2. Phosphate molecule (P)
3. Nitrogenous base-may be adenine (A) thymine (T) guanine (G) cytosine (C)
( A + T ---> bond together with 2 weak hydrogen bonds )
( G + C ---> bonde together with 3 weak hydrogen bonds )
4 bases = foundation of genetic code - instructing cells on how to synthesise
enzymes and other proteins
4 different nitrogenous bases = 4 different nucleotides
HOW IS DOUBLE HELIX MADE UP ?
● Outer
● Rungs
● Base pairs
AND TISSUE LEVEL
DNA - Codes of Life
NUCLEIC ACIDS (molecules of life):
● capacity to store info - which controls cellular activity / development
of entire organism ----> do this by controlling synthesis of
proteins
● Make up most of structure of body (but enzymes = proteins) - also
control chemical processes in cells
NUCLEIC ACIDS FOUND IN CELLS
1. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
2. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
WHO DISCOVERED THE STRUCTURE OF DNA ?
● Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin, Franci Crick and James Watson
● 1962 - Watson, Crick, Wilkin won Nobel Prize for physiology/medicine.
Franklin died of cancer (only able to accept the award if alive)
● READ P. 128
WHERE IS DNA FOUND ?
● MAINLY IN NUCLEUS OF CELL (forms important part of chromosomes that make
up chromatin network)
, ○ Chromatin: chromosomal material made up of DNA/RNA and histone
found in non-dividing cell
● DNA molecule - coiled so structure can fit in nucleus
WHAT IS EXTRANUCLEAR DNA ?
Small amount of DNA found outside nucleus in mitochondria (plants +
animals)and chloroplasts (plants)
HOW IS DNA MADE UP?
Two strands for stable 3D double helix
UNITS MAKING UP DNA:
● DNA molecule = long chain (polymer) made up of small units (monomers)
Building blocks called NUcleotides
EACH NUCLEOTIDE IS MADE UP FROM:
1. Sugar molecule - deoxyribose (S)
2. Phosphate molecule (P)
3. Nitrogenous base-may be adenine (A) thymine (T) guanine (G) cytosine (C)
( A + T ---> bond together with 2 weak hydrogen bonds )
( G + C ---> bonde together with 3 weak hydrogen bonds )
4 bases = foundation of genetic code - instructing cells on how to synthesise
enzymes and other proteins
4 different nitrogenous bases = 4 different nucleotides
HOW IS DOUBLE HELIX MADE UP ?
● Outer
● Rungs
● Base pairs
