N4410 FINAL EXAM (Cellular Regulation)-
Questions with complete solutions
cellular regulation
all functions carried out within a cell to maintain homeostasis. encompasses responses to
extracellular signals, response to extracellular signals, and replication and growth
proliferation
reproduction of new cells through cell growth and cell division
mitosis
two daughter cells are produced from a parent cell; growth and maintenance of normal tissues
meiosis
"daughter" cells that are purposely distinct from one another and from the original "parent" cell;
utilized for sexual reproduction
differentiation
acquisition of a specific cell function wherein a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized
cell type
neoplasia
an abnormal and progressive multiplication of cells, leading to the formation of a neoplasm
(tumor)
protooncogenes
, normal cell genes that are important regulators of normal cell processes
benign neoplasms
- are able to replicate but don't metastasize
- can mechanically obstruct/press down on other body structures
malignant neoplasms (cancer)
- abnormal growth patterns, multiple abnormal functions, and the ability to metastasize
- uncontrolled and unregulated growth of cells
- able to "recruit" normal cells to serve as contributors to support their proliferation, invasion,
and metastases
tumor angiogenesis
the tumor develops its own blood supply to receive oxygen and nutrition. this can rob other
surrounding cells of O2
sentinel lymph node
- first node confronted as tumor cells spread through lymphatic system
- biopsy of this can help determine extent of cancer without needing to remove others
skip metastasis
occurs in some cancers when the tumor cells bypass regional lymph nodes and travel to more
distant lymph nodes
frequent sites of metastasis
Questions with complete solutions
cellular regulation
all functions carried out within a cell to maintain homeostasis. encompasses responses to
extracellular signals, response to extracellular signals, and replication and growth
proliferation
reproduction of new cells through cell growth and cell division
mitosis
two daughter cells are produced from a parent cell; growth and maintenance of normal tissues
meiosis
"daughter" cells that are purposely distinct from one another and from the original "parent" cell;
utilized for sexual reproduction
differentiation
acquisition of a specific cell function wherein a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized
cell type
neoplasia
an abnormal and progressive multiplication of cells, leading to the formation of a neoplasm
(tumor)
protooncogenes
, normal cell genes that are important regulators of normal cell processes
benign neoplasms
- are able to replicate but don't metastasize
- can mechanically obstruct/press down on other body structures
malignant neoplasms (cancer)
- abnormal growth patterns, multiple abnormal functions, and the ability to metastasize
- uncontrolled and unregulated growth of cells
- able to "recruit" normal cells to serve as contributors to support their proliferation, invasion,
and metastases
tumor angiogenesis
the tumor develops its own blood supply to receive oxygen and nutrition. this can rob other
surrounding cells of O2
sentinel lymph node
- first node confronted as tumor cells spread through lymphatic system
- biopsy of this can help determine extent of cancer without needing to remove others
skip metastasis
occurs in some cancers when the tumor cells bypass regional lymph nodes and travel to more
distant lymph nodes
frequent sites of metastasis
