ANTH 340 FINAL EXAM UPDATED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
what maternal factors influence the embryo and/or fetus? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅age of mother
systemic infection
intrauterine infection
inflammation
diet
environment
(ASSIDE)
what is malaria's effect on a pregnancy? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅causes spontaneous abortions;
parasite affects placenta and prevents oxygen and nutrients from getting to fetus
why is folate consumption important during pregnancy? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅folate deficiency can
cause most congenital spina bifida cases
what is fetal alcohol syndrome? what are the impacts of it on a child? why is it a problem among some
populations like South Africa? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅caused by drinking during pregnancy; leading
preventable cause of cognitive delays and birth defects; growth deficiencies, abnormal facial features,
and CNS problems; problem in South Africa because owners of vineyards pay employees with wine
what is the Zika virus? how is it transmitted? what is its impact on infants? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅it is
a virus transmitted by mosquitoes, humans and monkeys are the reservoirs. zika syndrome- birth
defects (microcephaly)
how is birth weight a stabilizing selection? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅birth weight predicts certain
negative outcomes; mothers need good care so babies are born at healthy weights
why does it seem that breastfed babies are "falling behind" their bottle-fed counterparts? does this hold
true as they grow? how might this prognosis influence a mother? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅bottle fed
infants put on weight and height faster than breastfed; differences even out later on in life
,how is birth weight used as in indicator of a newborn's health status? what can influence birth weight? -
CORRECT ANSWER✅✅infants with lower birth weights are more likely to die from coronary heart
disease, more likely to develop type 2 diabetes. undernutrition during a pregnancy can program fetal
metabolism for times of scarcity and stress. over nutrition can result in increased fat storage leading to
being overweight
what did Nestle do to encourage nursing mothers to switch to formula? what problems did this cause? -
CORRECT ANSWER✅✅led a campaign to make mothers in developing countries believe that their baby
formula was better for babies than breast milk (in most cases it is not); infants died of malnutrition and
complications of diarrhea because formula was expensive and mothers would dilute it with dirty water
historically, how has the medical field treated women's health? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅in the past,
women were often not included in studies or clinical trials
what is menstruation? what are menotoxins? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅menstruation is the onset of
menarche, the shedding of endometrial tissue and blood, endometrium prepares for an embryo by
thickening and if not pregnant, progesterone levels fall; menotoxins are toxins that are excreted during
menstruation, no evidence of them though
in what ways are the reproductive lives of women more medicalized than those of men? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅women's reproductive health has been medicalized so that common women's issues are
seen as a medical problem that requires treatment
what are the evolutionary hypotheses for why women menstruate? know the theories for each -
CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Margie Profet
Colin Finn
Beverly Strassman
Margie Profet's Menstruation theory (1993) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the human pattern of ovulation
and sexual activity increases the chance of STDs, menstruation evolved to protect women from
infection; evidence does not support- no more pathogens before menstruation than after, women of all
sexual activity levels menstruate, change of infection is heightened during menstruation
Colin Finn's menstruation theory (1994) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅in other animals, the last part of
endometrial development happens after implantation, but in humans this happens before
, Beverly Strassmann's menstruation theory - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅why do some animals go through
reproductive cycles?
-cycles more than just menstruation
-depends on species anatomy
-byproduct of species physiology
maintaining a womb that is prepared for an embryo is costly, less energy is used to destroy and rebuild
the womb, some animals just reabsorb what is destroyed while other animals bleed
how do different cultures address the onset of menstruation in girls? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Cherokee-
menstruating women considered sacred and powerful
Hindu- women secluded during menstruation
Judaism- must take a bath after period before resuming sexual relations
is there a desire to suppress menstruation? why or why not? why might menstruation be desired? -
CORRECT ANSWER✅✅women say they are interested in suppressing menstruation, but are concerned
that stopping it completely is unhealthy
what is a "modern period"? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅period is managed and manageable; products that
are convenient, green products, apps that track cycle, contraceptive pills that can help regulate
how is the onset of menses a rite of passage? In India? In sub-Saharan Africa? among the Apache? what
is done to mark this transition? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅In India, menarche means a girl's movements
and activities are restricted, she is not of marriageable age and sexual overtures may begin. In Africa,
menarche is a signal for female circumcision. For the apache, the sunrise ritual celebrates a girl's
transition to womanhood, the girls who participate must have started menstruating
how is menstruation viewed as polluting? what cultural practices reinforce those beliefs? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅In India, there may be restrictions placed on women who are menstruating and food
preparations, access to parts of home, and visit sacred areas
how are menstruation huts used? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅separate living areas for women who are
menstruating
what maternal factors influence the embryo and/or fetus? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅age of mother
systemic infection
intrauterine infection
inflammation
diet
environment
(ASSIDE)
what is malaria's effect on a pregnancy? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅causes spontaneous abortions;
parasite affects placenta and prevents oxygen and nutrients from getting to fetus
why is folate consumption important during pregnancy? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅folate deficiency can
cause most congenital spina bifida cases
what is fetal alcohol syndrome? what are the impacts of it on a child? why is it a problem among some
populations like South Africa? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅caused by drinking during pregnancy; leading
preventable cause of cognitive delays and birth defects; growth deficiencies, abnormal facial features,
and CNS problems; problem in South Africa because owners of vineyards pay employees with wine
what is the Zika virus? how is it transmitted? what is its impact on infants? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅it is
a virus transmitted by mosquitoes, humans and monkeys are the reservoirs. zika syndrome- birth
defects (microcephaly)
how is birth weight a stabilizing selection? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅birth weight predicts certain
negative outcomes; mothers need good care so babies are born at healthy weights
why does it seem that breastfed babies are "falling behind" their bottle-fed counterparts? does this hold
true as they grow? how might this prognosis influence a mother? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅bottle fed
infants put on weight and height faster than breastfed; differences even out later on in life
,how is birth weight used as in indicator of a newborn's health status? what can influence birth weight? -
CORRECT ANSWER✅✅infants with lower birth weights are more likely to die from coronary heart
disease, more likely to develop type 2 diabetes. undernutrition during a pregnancy can program fetal
metabolism for times of scarcity and stress. over nutrition can result in increased fat storage leading to
being overweight
what did Nestle do to encourage nursing mothers to switch to formula? what problems did this cause? -
CORRECT ANSWER✅✅led a campaign to make mothers in developing countries believe that their baby
formula was better for babies than breast milk (in most cases it is not); infants died of malnutrition and
complications of diarrhea because formula was expensive and mothers would dilute it with dirty water
historically, how has the medical field treated women's health? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅in the past,
women were often not included in studies or clinical trials
what is menstruation? what are menotoxins? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅menstruation is the onset of
menarche, the shedding of endometrial tissue and blood, endometrium prepares for an embryo by
thickening and if not pregnant, progesterone levels fall; menotoxins are toxins that are excreted during
menstruation, no evidence of them though
in what ways are the reproductive lives of women more medicalized than those of men? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅women's reproductive health has been medicalized so that common women's issues are
seen as a medical problem that requires treatment
what are the evolutionary hypotheses for why women menstruate? know the theories for each -
CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Margie Profet
Colin Finn
Beverly Strassman
Margie Profet's Menstruation theory (1993) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the human pattern of ovulation
and sexual activity increases the chance of STDs, menstruation evolved to protect women from
infection; evidence does not support- no more pathogens before menstruation than after, women of all
sexual activity levels menstruate, change of infection is heightened during menstruation
Colin Finn's menstruation theory (1994) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅in other animals, the last part of
endometrial development happens after implantation, but in humans this happens before
, Beverly Strassmann's menstruation theory - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅why do some animals go through
reproductive cycles?
-cycles more than just menstruation
-depends on species anatomy
-byproduct of species physiology
maintaining a womb that is prepared for an embryo is costly, less energy is used to destroy and rebuild
the womb, some animals just reabsorb what is destroyed while other animals bleed
how do different cultures address the onset of menstruation in girls? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Cherokee-
menstruating women considered sacred and powerful
Hindu- women secluded during menstruation
Judaism- must take a bath after period before resuming sexual relations
is there a desire to suppress menstruation? why or why not? why might menstruation be desired? -
CORRECT ANSWER✅✅women say they are interested in suppressing menstruation, but are concerned
that stopping it completely is unhealthy
what is a "modern period"? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅period is managed and manageable; products that
are convenient, green products, apps that track cycle, contraceptive pills that can help regulate
how is the onset of menses a rite of passage? In India? In sub-Saharan Africa? among the Apache? what
is done to mark this transition? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅In India, menarche means a girl's movements
and activities are restricted, she is not of marriageable age and sexual overtures may begin. In Africa,
menarche is a signal for female circumcision. For the apache, the sunrise ritual celebrates a girl's
transition to womanhood, the girls who participate must have started menstruating
how is menstruation viewed as polluting? what cultural practices reinforce those beliefs? - CORRECT
ANSWER✅✅In India, there may be restrictions placed on women who are menstruating and food
preparations, access to parts of home, and visit sacred areas
how are menstruation huts used? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅separate living areas for women who are
menstruating
