Comd 4500 Final

AGING END OF LIVE CARE iatrogenic conditions Correct Answer •iatrogenic condition - brought on by treatment •test procedure side effects •adverse drug reactions •cascade iatro genesis - domino effect •patient falls on hospital floor •loses mobility •respiratory function weakens •cannot clear airway, pneumonia risk increases ALARYNGEAL SPEECH Anatomic changes following supraglottic and laryngectomy Correct Answer -there is no connection between the mouth and the trachea (alaryngeal means no larynx) larynx is removed because of cancer. 4x more common in men but now women are catching up because of smoking. -can cause impairment of olfaction and taste angiography advantages Correct Answer §available in most hospitals §reveals speed of circulation §shows occlusions, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) §allows inferences about tissue §tumors may displace vessels §tumors can have large, irregular vessels Angiography risks Correct Answer §an invasive procedure §bleeding at artery puncture §stroke (1 in 200) §emboli can form at catheter tip §dye reaction (1 in 10,000) §exposure to x-rays aphasia Correct Answer impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding). Apraxia Correct Answer impaired ability to carry out motor activities despite intact motor function aspiration/dysphagia Correct Answer material passes the folds material enters trachea Atrophy treatment Correct Answer laryngeal injection-bulk up atrophied fold AUGMENTATIVE ALTERNATIVE COMMUNICATION Low Tech AAC devices Correct Answer includes things such as picture or alphabet board, notepad, etc Cerebral angiography (arteriography) Correct Answer §uses x-ray images §catheter into right femoral artery §passed via aorta to carotid §radio-opaque dye injected §frontal and lateral views §images taken during, after injection §arteries, then veins visible CNS Correct Answer BASIC NEURAL STRUCTURES brain and spinal cord-protected by meninges-cerebrospinal fluid-blood brain barrier Two main structures: the brain & spinal cord gray matter for processing signals taking place within the brain white matter surrounds axons connecting neurons protected by the meninges, the three protective layers that completely cover the brain and the spinal cord; these are there to maintain a very protected and clean environment. Filled with cerebrospinal fluid blood brain barrier: kind of a sieve; it will let small things through, but not the big things There can be some damage to this blood brain barrier, which then will permit things to go through that shouldn't be crossing it if a virus were to enter the brain, that would create a very serious condition which we know of as encephalitis, or if the meninges themselves are infected, that's meningitis compensatory treatments in dementia Correct Answer to overcome its biggest effects and cope with the problem-memory aids-navigation tools-hearing assistive tech systems-modify environment (label, sequencing cards, improve lighting, reduce clutter) computed tomography (CT) Correct Answer •Greek 'tomos' means 'cut' •2-D image of a 2-D slice through brain view, x-ray images, shows bone, neural tissue, CSF, can distinguish gray and white matter Cranial Nerves Correct Answer •12 pairs •some sensory only - e.g., olfactory •some sensory and motor - e.g., facial •some motor only - e.g., hypoglossal originate in brain stem and serve functions for sensation and motor control for head and neck 12 pairs some sensory only - e.g., olfactory, optic some sensory and motor - e.g., facial VII, it controls the muscles of facial expression and also conveys sensory information into the brain from the taste buds on the front two thirds of the tongue some motor only - e.g., hypoglossal; responsible for almost all of the muscles of the tongue CT advantages Correct Answer -quick 1-2 seconds-good spatial resolution-show bone abnormality and neural structures-contrast agent can show defects with blood/brain barrier-good for acute trauma CT disadvantages Correct Answer -dense bone makes imaging difficult-exposure to radiation cuffs deflated Correct Answer mouth nose and through trach tube cuffs inflated Correct Answer no air through nose or mouth Delirium vs Dementia Correct Answer 1. Delirium- Acute, dramatic onset, common causes= illness, toxin, withdrawal, usually reversible. Poor attention and fluctuating arousal level. 2. Dementia: Chronic, insidious onset, usually not reversible, attention usually unaffected and normal arousal level. descending motor tracts Correct Answer carry motor instructions from the brain to the body's muscles and glands Direct message selection Correct Answer -choosing an item available from a list -more efficient -requires more precise motor abilities -cognitively easier but more limitin