NUR 355 Exam 1 UPDATED ACTUAL
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
4 injurious agents of the plasma membrane: - CORRECT ANSWER - 1. free radicals
(substances with free electron on an oxygen molecule)
2. high pressure forces (ex: hypertension)
3. radiation (ex: sunlight)
4. high glucose concentrations (ex: uncontrolled diabetes)
How are free radicals generated? - CORRECT ANSWER - during inefficient
mitochondrial metabolism
Free radicals are sometimes called "_____________" molecules. The free electron is attracted to
cell membranes, attaches to membranes, and damages them. The body has natural
_______________ that destroy these destructive molecules. - CORRECT ANSWER -
superoxide; antioxidants
Free radicals _________ cell structures, disrupt the integrity of the cell membrane and damage
organelles and DNA, causing cell dysfunction, therefore they can be called _________. -
CORRECT ANSWER - oxidize; oxidants
4 examples of antioxidants: - CORRECT ANSWER - 1. Vitamin A, E, C
2. beta- carotene
The sodium potassium pump constantly pumps Na+ _____ in exchange for K+ ____. -
CORRECT ANSWER - out; in
organelle that contains digestive enzymes and digests particles brought in by endocytosis,
pinocytosis, or phagocytosis. Also digests worn out cell parts. - CORRECT ANSWER -
lysosomes
,In cell death,__________ occurs where the enzymes rupture from lysosome and digest whole
cell. WBC's have many of _________. - CORRECT ANSWER - autolysis; lysosomes
In a MI, autolysis occurs where the enzymes rupture from cardiac muscle cell lysosomes to
digest dead cardiac muscle cells. The 3 serum cardiac enzymes are: - CORRECT
ANSWER - CPK/LDH/SGOT
Injured cells can develop ___________ or ____________ changes to maintain homeostasis. -
CORRECT ANSWER - adaptive; maladaptive
terms that means the original cause of a cellular alteration or disease - CORRECT
ANSWER - etiology
term that means unique histological findings that represent distinct disease process. - CORRECT
ANSWER - pathognomonic changes
means condition or change in - CORRECT ANSWER - -trophy
means development or formation - CORRECT ANSWER - -plasia
Decrease in cell size due to not using the muscle. If the body doesn't use that muscle, it's not
going to supply nutrients to that muscle. ex: paralysis, injury and lack of use - CORRECT
ANSWER - muscle atropy
Increase in cell size due to overusing muscle. ex: working out, steroids, etc. - CORRECT
ANSWER - hypertrophy
Increase in cardiac muscle because it has to work harder. It has an increased need for oxygen and
blood show which causes inadequate blood flow and can lead to ischemia. Can be caused by
hypertension. - CORRECT ANSWER - ventricular hypertrophy
, term that means increase in the number of cells. ex: pregnancy when there is an increase of
breast gland cells caused by estrogen stimulation, callous, endometriosis (increase in uterine
lining) - CORRECT ANSWER - hyperplasia
term that means one cell type is replaced by another. Can be an indication of cancer due to diff.
types of cells. ex: keloid on skin, cells at gastroesophageal junction irritated by acid reflux from
stomach - CORRECT ANSWER - metaplasia
term that means cells have lost normal arrangement (shape, function, size), can be precancerous
changes (not necessarily cancerous growth). Ex: hpv virus causing precancerous cervical cells -
CORRECT ANSWER - dysplasia
term that is new cell growth that is disorganized, uncoordinated, uncontrolled proliferative cell
growth that is cancerous. We normally want cells to be well-differentiated from other cells (we
want our skin cells to not look like other cells). - CORRECT ANSWER - neoplasia
type of cancer where cells resemble normal cells and do not spread; tissue is well-differentiated
(cells that resemble healthy cells) and easily removed. - CORRECT ANSWER - benign
type of cancer where cells are bizarre looking and spread to other sites, highly invasive into
tissue and not well-differentiated (do not look or act like normal cells of where they came from).
- CORRECT ANSWER - malignant
most common cause of cell injury that leads to anaerobic metabolism, less oxygen is produced,
less ATP is produced, pyruvic acid leads to lactic acid production in attempt to create energy by
glycolysis - CORRECT ANSWER - cellular hypoxia
What happens when there is a dysfunction of the Na+/K+ pump? - CORRECT
ANSWER - cell swells due to Na+ pouring into the cell, water follows solutes,
pathological calcifications
What is endothelium? - CORRECT ANSWER - inner lining of blood vessels
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
4 injurious agents of the plasma membrane: - CORRECT ANSWER - 1. free radicals
(substances with free electron on an oxygen molecule)
2. high pressure forces (ex: hypertension)
3. radiation (ex: sunlight)
4. high glucose concentrations (ex: uncontrolled diabetes)
How are free radicals generated? - CORRECT ANSWER - during inefficient
mitochondrial metabolism
Free radicals are sometimes called "_____________" molecules. The free electron is attracted to
cell membranes, attaches to membranes, and damages them. The body has natural
_______________ that destroy these destructive molecules. - CORRECT ANSWER -
superoxide; antioxidants
Free radicals _________ cell structures, disrupt the integrity of the cell membrane and damage
organelles and DNA, causing cell dysfunction, therefore they can be called _________. -
CORRECT ANSWER - oxidize; oxidants
4 examples of antioxidants: - CORRECT ANSWER - 1. Vitamin A, E, C
2. beta- carotene
The sodium potassium pump constantly pumps Na+ _____ in exchange for K+ ____. -
CORRECT ANSWER - out; in
organelle that contains digestive enzymes and digests particles brought in by endocytosis,
pinocytosis, or phagocytosis. Also digests worn out cell parts. - CORRECT ANSWER -
lysosomes
,In cell death,__________ occurs where the enzymes rupture from lysosome and digest whole
cell. WBC's have many of _________. - CORRECT ANSWER - autolysis; lysosomes
In a MI, autolysis occurs where the enzymes rupture from cardiac muscle cell lysosomes to
digest dead cardiac muscle cells. The 3 serum cardiac enzymes are: - CORRECT
ANSWER - CPK/LDH/SGOT
Injured cells can develop ___________ or ____________ changes to maintain homeostasis. -
CORRECT ANSWER - adaptive; maladaptive
terms that means the original cause of a cellular alteration or disease - CORRECT
ANSWER - etiology
term that means unique histological findings that represent distinct disease process. - CORRECT
ANSWER - pathognomonic changes
means condition or change in - CORRECT ANSWER - -trophy
means development or formation - CORRECT ANSWER - -plasia
Decrease in cell size due to not using the muscle. If the body doesn't use that muscle, it's not
going to supply nutrients to that muscle. ex: paralysis, injury and lack of use - CORRECT
ANSWER - muscle atropy
Increase in cell size due to overusing muscle. ex: working out, steroids, etc. - CORRECT
ANSWER - hypertrophy
Increase in cardiac muscle because it has to work harder. It has an increased need for oxygen and
blood show which causes inadequate blood flow and can lead to ischemia. Can be caused by
hypertension. - CORRECT ANSWER - ventricular hypertrophy
, term that means increase in the number of cells. ex: pregnancy when there is an increase of
breast gland cells caused by estrogen stimulation, callous, endometriosis (increase in uterine
lining) - CORRECT ANSWER - hyperplasia
term that means one cell type is replaced by another. Can be an indication of cancer due to diff.
types of cells. ex: keloid on skin, cells at gastroesophageal junction irritated by acid reflux from
stomach - CORRECT ANSWER - metaplasia
term that means cells have lost normal arrangement (shape, function, size), can be precancerous
changes (not necessarily cancerous growth). Ex: hpv virus causing precancerous cervical cells -
CORRECT ANSWER - dysplasia
term that is new cell growth that is disorganized, uncoordinated, uncontrolled proliferative cell
growth that is cancerous. We normally want cells to be well-differentiated from other cells (we
want our skin cells to not look like other cells). - CORRECT ANSWER - neoplasia
type of cancer where cells resemble normal cells and do not spread; tissue is well-differentiated
(cells that resemble healthy cells) and easily removed. - CORRECT ANSWER - benign
type of cancer where cells are bizarre looking and spread to other sites, highly invasive into
tissue and not well-differentiated (do not look or act like normal cells of where they came from).
- CORRECT ANSWER - malignant
most common cause of cell injury that leads to anaerobic metabolism, less oxygen is produced,
less ATP is produced, pyruvic acid leads to lactic acid production in attempt to create energy by
glycolysis - CORRECT ANSWER - cellular hypoxia
What happens when there is a dysfunction of the Na+/K+ pump? - CORRECT
ANSWER - cell swells due to Na+ pouring into the cell, water follows solutes,
pathological calcifications
What is endothelium? - CORRECT ANSWER - inner lining of blood vessels
