ANAT 1030 (part 1) UPDATED ACTUAL
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
anatomical position 4 - CORRECT ANSWER - -body erect
-feet slightly apart
-palms facing forward
-thumbs pointed away from body
superior and inferior, anterior and posterior def - CORRECT ANSWER - superior- moving
towards the hear (cranial/rostral)
inferior- moving towards the feet (caudal)
anterior- pertaining to/located towards the front (ventral)
posterior- pertaining to/located toward the back (dorsal)
median, medial and lateral def - CORRECT ANSWER - median- at the midline
medial- toward the midline
lateral- away from the midline
superficial and deep, proximal and distal def - CORRECT ANSWER - superficial- moving
outwards toward the surface
deep- moving inward from the surface
proximal- close to or toward the trunk
,distal- away from the trunk
limbs: palmar, plantar and dorsal - CORRECT ANSWER - palmar: pertaining to the palm of
the hand
plantar: pertaining to the sole of the foot
Dorsal: pertaining to the back of the hand of foot
planes of the body: axial (transvers), coronal (frontal), sagittal - CORRECT ANSWER - axial
(transverse)- divides body into superior and inferior portions
coronal (frontal)- divides body into anterior and posterior halves
sagittal- divides body into right and left halves
body movements 3main 6 others - CORRECT ANSWER - flexion/extension: this occurs in
the sagittal plane (walking)
abduction/adduction: occurs in the coronal plane (jumping jacks)
medial (internal) rotation/ lateral (external) rotation: occurs in the transverse plane
(clapping/ballet foot positions)
-elevation/depression
-protrusion/retrusion
-inversion/eversion
-dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
,-pronation/supination
-circumduction
2 categories of cells - CORRECT ANSWER - 1.neurons (~100bill): specialized cells for
reception, transduction and conduction of stimuli. they rapidly conduct signals (action potentials)
from one part of a neuron to another, these signals are transmitted to other neurons
2. glia (aka Neuroglia): support cells of the nervous system they account for 70% of all cells in
the brain
neurons 4 - CORRECT ANSWER - -basic unit/cell of nervous tissue
-features include dendrites (usually many), cell body/soma (nucleus and organelles), axon (cell
output may be <1mm or> 1 meter) and axon terminals
-axons may be myelinated (myelin acts as insulation) or unmyelinated
-transmit action potentials from cell to cell through connections called synapses
glia types in CNS 3 and PNS 2 - CORRECT ANSWER - CNS
-Atrocytes (most abundant): provide physical and metabolic support , secrete growth factors,
limit neurotransmitter diffusion
-Oligodendrocytes: myelination of axons
-Microglia: immune cells of the brain, activated during inflammation
PNS
-Schwann cells: myelination of axons
-Satellite cells: supports cells found within ganglia
CNS and PNS (3 parts) - CORRECT ANSWER - 1. CNS: brain + spinal cord
2. peripheral nervous system
i) cranial nerves: 12 pairs attached to brain
, ii) spinal nerves (aka peripheral nerves): 31 pairs attached to spina cord
iii) associated structures:
-ganglia: clusters of nerve cell bodies. dorsal root ganglia (sensory) are one example
-mechanoreceptors and proprioceptors: specialized structures that detect tough, stretch, vibration,
joint position
gray matter 4 - CORRECT ANSWER - gray matter is made up of neuronal cell bodies and
dendrites (sites of synaptic connections) glia are also present
-relaying and processing information occurs in the gray matter
-the outer surface of the brain is a layer of gray matter (CEREBRAL CORTEX)
-a collection of gray matter found within the brain is called a NUCLEUS
white matter 5 - CORRECT ANSWER - -consists of MYELINATED AXONS and constitutes
the wiring of the brain
-called "white matter" because of the high lipid content of myelin
-brain function depends on connectivity
-axons with similar functions and connections are organized into bundles and may be referred to
as a TRACT, FASCICULUS, PATHWAY or LEMNISCUS
-the CORPUS CALLOSUM is the largest white matter structure in the brain. it connects the left
and right cerebral hemispheres
CNS 3 main divisions of the brain - CORRECT ANSWER - 1. forebrain (largest part of the
brain)
-telencephalon (cerebrum)
-diencephalon
2. midbrain (mesencephalon, smallest)
-short narrow "stalk" the connects the forebrain and hindbrain
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
anatomical position 4 - CORRECT ANSWER - -body erect
-feet slightly apart
-palms facing forward
-thumbs pointed away from body
superior and inferior, anterior and posterior def - CORRECT ANSWER - superior- moving
towards the hear (cranial/rostral)
inferior- moving towards the feet (caudal)
anterior- pertaining to/located towards the front (ventral)
posterior- pertaining to/located toward the back (dorsal)
median, medial and lateral def - CORRECT ANSWER - median- at the midline
medial- toward the midline
lateral- away from the midline
superficial and deep, proximal and distal def - CORRECT ANSWER - superficial- moving
outwards toward the surface
deep- moving inward from the surface
proximal- close to or toward the trunk
,distal- away from the trunk
limbs: palmar, plantar and dorsal - CORRECT ANSWER - palmar: pertaining to the palm of
the hand
plantar: pertaining to the sole of the foot
Dorsal: pertaining to the back of the hand of foot
planes of the body: axial (transvers), coronal (frontal), sagittal - CORRECT ANSWER - axial
(transverse)- divides body into superior and inferior portions
coronal (frontal)- divides body into anterior and posterior halves
sagittal- divides body into right and left halves
body movements 3main 6 others - CORRECT ANSWER - flexion/extension: this occurs in
the sagittal plane (walking)
abduction/adduction: occurs in the coronal plane (jumping jacks)
medial (internal) rotation/ lateral (external) rotation: occurs in the transverse plane
(clapping/ballet foot positions)
-elevation/depression
-protrusion/retrusion
-inversion/eversion
-dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
,-pronation/supination
-circumduction
2 categories of cells - CORRECT ANSWER - 1.neurons (~100bill): specialized cells for
reception, transduction and conduction of stimuli. they rapidly conduct signals (action potentials)
from one part of a neuron to another, these signals are transmitted to other neurons
2. glia (aka Neuroglia): support cells of the nervous system they account for 70% of all cells in
the brain
neurons 4 - CORRECT ANSWER - -basic unit/cell of nervous tissue
-features include dendrites (usually many), cell body/soma (nucleus and organelles), axon (cell
output may be <1mm or> 1 meter) and axon terminals
-axons may be myelinated (myelin acts as insulation) or unmyelinated
-transmit action potentials from cell to cell through connections called synapses
glia types in CNS 3 and PNS 2 - CORRECT ANSWER - CNS
-Atrocytes (most abundant): provide physical and metabolic support , secrete growth factors,
limit neurotransmitter diffusion
-Oligodendrocytes: myelination of axons
-Microglia: immune cells of the brain, activated during inflammation
PNS
-Schwann cells: myelination of axons
-Satellite cells: supports cells found within ganglia
CNS and PNS (3 parts) - CORRECT ANSWER - 1. CNS: brain + spinal cord
2. peripheral nervous system
i) cranial nerves: 12 pairs attached to brain
, ii) spinal nerves (aka peripheral nerves): 31 pairs attached to spina cord
iii) associated structures:
-ganglia: clusters of nerve cell bodies. dorsal root ganglia (sensory) are one example
-mechanoreceptors and proprioceptors: specialized structures that detect tough, stretch, vibration,
joint position
gray matter 4 - CORRECT ANSWER - gray matter is made up of neuronal cell bodies and
dendrites (sites of synaptic connections) glia are also present
-relaying and processing information occurs in the gray matter
-the outer surface of the brain is a layer of gray matter (CEREBRAL CORTEX)
-a collection of gray matter found within the brain is called a NUCLEUS
white matter 5 - CORRECT ANSWER - -consists of MYELINATED AXONS and constitutes
the wiring of the brain
-called "white matter" because of the high lipid content of myelin
-brain function depends on connectivity
-axons with similar functions and connections are organized into bundles and may be referred to
as a TRACT, FASCICULUS, PATHWAY or LEMNISCUS
-the CORPUS CALLOSUM is the largest white matter structure in the brain. it connects the left
and right cerebral hemispheres
CNS 3 main divisions of the brain - CORRECT ANSWER - 1. forebrain (largest part of the
brain)
-telencephalon (cerebrum)
-diencephalon
2. midbrain (mesencephalon, smallest)
-short narrow "stalk" the connects the forebrain and hindbrain
