NUR 355 Final Exam Questions and Answers Already Passed Latest Update 2025-2026
Capillary Exchange - Manifestations - Answers Fluid moves into and out of capillaries and the
surrounding interstitial fluid according to hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, and capillary
permeability. Hydrostatic pressure is a "push force". When the pressure from fluid volume in one
fluid compartment is higher than in the neighboring fluid compartment, the compartment with
higher pressure (higher hydrostatic pressure) will "push" fluid into the neighboring compartment.
Osmotic pressure is a "pull" force. Osmotic pressure depends on the concentration of solutes in
fluid compartments. If there is a high concentration of solute in one compartment compared to
the neighboring fluid compartment, fluid will be "pulled" into the compartment with more solute
(the compartment with higher osmotic pressure). Changes to capillary permeability alter the
impact of hydrostatic and osmostic forces. Increased capillary permeability increases ability of
fluid to move out of capillary.
Benign vs Malignant tumors - PATHO - Answers A cellular growth that's no longer responding to
body controls. The cells continue to grow even when there is no longer a need for them to do so.
This deprives other cells of nutrients. Normal organization, growth inhibition, contact controls,
and cell-cell communication are absent. this expanding mass compresses nearby blood vessels,
leading to necrosis and an inflammation around the tumor as well as increasing pressure on
surrounding structures.Benign tumors usually consist of differentiated cells that reproduce at a
higher than normal rate. It is often encapsulated and expands but does not spread (metasize).
Malignant tumors are usually made up of undifferentiated, nonfunctional cells that do not
appear organized. They often show abnormal mitotic figures. They infiltrate or spread into
surrounding tissues and may easily metastasize or break away to spread to other organs and
structures.
Benign vs Malignant tumors - Manifestations - Answers 1. Unusual bleeding or discharge
anywhere in the body
2. change in bowel or bladder habits
3. change in a wart or a mole
4. a sore that does not heal
5. unexplained weight loss
6. anemia, low hemoglobin, or persistent fatigue
7. persistent cough or hoarseness without reason
8. a solid lump, often painless.- Pain is not normally a symptom until the tumor is in its
advanced stages.
Benign vs Malignant tumors - Complications - Answers - With any tumor, tissue damage can
,result from compression of adjacent structures such as blood vessels, which leads to necrosis.-
Pain (once in advanced stages)- obstruction of ducts, tubes, vessels, or tracts- tissue necrosis
may lead to infection around the tumor or ulceration- weight loss and cachexia- anemia or
severe fatigue- bleeding- paraneoplastic syndromes
A tumor can obstruct the following structures:
(Select all that apply)A. Lymphatic ducts
B. Digestive Tract
C. Blood vessels
D. Bronchial ducts
E. Nerve conduction - Answers ALL - Every one of these has been proven to be obstructed by a
neoplastic tumor at some point.
Hypertension - PATHO - Answers Mechanisms: In essential hypertension, there is an increase in
arteriolar vasoconstriction. A slight decrease in the diameter of the arterioles causes a major
increase in peripheral resistance, reduces the capacity of the system, and increases the
diastolic pressure or afterload substantially.
Causes: High sodium intake, excess alcohol intake, obesity, prolonged stress.
Risk factors: Incidence increases with age. Men are more frequently affected. African
Americans have a higher incidence.
Hypertension - Manifestations - Answers Hypertension is frequently asymptomatic in the early
stages and signs are vague and nonspecific. These vague signs can be: fatigue, malaise,
morning headache
Hypertension - Complications - Answers Over a long period of time, the increased blood
pressure causes damage to the arterial walls. They become hard and thick, narrowing the lumen.
The wall may tear, forming an aneurysm, or encourage atheroma formation. Blood supply is
reduced.
A patient has Diabetic nephropathy, what could this lead to?
A: Systemic vasodilation
B: Hemophilia A
C: Increased renin secretion
D: Decreased renin secretion - Answers C: Increased renin secretionThis is due to decreased
blood flow to the kidneys. The kidneys realize their is not enough pressure coming to them so
,they begin the RAAS system so increase blood pressure. This lead to systemic vasoconstriction
and also increased blood volume.
Cholelithiasis - PATHO - Answers Cholelithiasis:
- formation of calculi (gallstones)
- the gallbladder stores bile and releases it into the stomach to aid in digestion
- this is impaired if calculi fill the gallbladder
- stones form in result of accumulation of cholesterol, bile, bilirubin, and calcium salts
- Risk Factors include: Being female, high cholesterol intake, Obesity, Multiparity, Oral
contraceptive use, hemolytic anemia (bilirubin accumulation), alcoholic cirrhosis, and biliary
tract infection (4 F's: Fat, Fertile, Female, Forty/Family History)
Choledocholithiasis - PATHO - Answers Choledocholithiasis:
- Obstruction of a duct by calculi
- Causes sudden/severe waves of pain (colicky) with radiating pain to the subscapular area and
upper right shoulder, Nausea/Vomiting, Intolerance to fatty foods
- Risk factors are similar to Cholelithiasis since this is is a secondary issue to that
Cholelithiasis/Choledocholithiasis - Manifestations - Answers Obstruction of a duct by calculi,
colicky with radiating pain to subscapular area or right upper shoulder, fatty food intolerance
Cholelithiasis/Choledocholithiasis - Complications - Answers Cholecystitis, Acute Pancreatitis,
Cholangitis
Which patient is most at risk for Cholelithiasis?
A: A 20-year-old male who exercises daily and strictly watches his diet
B: A 40-year-old female who has 5 children and has decided to use oral contraceptives
C: A 10-year-old female with newly-developed hypotension
D: A 15 year-old male who has been experiencing periods of dizziness over the past few days
and has not taken medication for it - Answers B is correct. The information included in this
answer that indicates risk for cholelithiasis is the fact that she has multiparity and her use of
oral contraceptives. All of the other answer choices do not contain risk factors related to calculi
formation.
DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation) - PATHO - Answers This condition involves
excessive bleeding and excessive coagulation, it occurs from a complication of numerous
, primary problems, which activate the clotting process in the micro circulation throughout the
body. The primary conditions causing DIC can trigger the release of tissue thromboplastin or
injury to the endothelial cells, causing platelet adhesion. This process causes multiple
thromboses and infarctions but also consumes the available clotting factors which results in
hemorrhage, hypotension or shock. Examples of primary conditions that can cause DIC include:
obstetric complications (like placental abruption), infection, major trauma, and cancer.
DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation) - Maifestations - Answers This condition involves
excessive bleeding and excessive coagulation, it occurs from a complication of numerous
primary problems, which activate the clotting process in the micro circulation throughout the
body. The primary conditions causing DIC can trigger the release of tissue thromboplastin or
injury to the endothelial cells, causing platelet adhesion. This process causes multiple
thromboses and infarctions but also consumes the available clotting factors which results in
hemorrhage, hypotension or shock. Examples of primary conditions that can cause DIC include:
obstetric complications (like placental abruption), infection, major trauma, and cancer.
DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation) - Complications - Answers Ischemia and multiple
infarctions excessive bleeding and hemorrhageand organ failure
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation is a condition that is often life threatening, this
condition can arise from different physiologic problems, which one of the answers below is not
a primary reason for DIC
a) extensive endothelial damage
b) release of tissue thromboplastin
c) hypertension from CVD
d) obstetric complication - Answers C is the correct answer because hypertension is not
PRIMARY reason for DIC comparing these answers to A, B, and D you can see that these are
direct primary causes of DIC
Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease - PATHO - Answers Rheumatic fever is an acute
systemic inflammatory condition that appears to result from abnormal immune reaction
occurring a few weeks after an untreated infection usually caused by certain strains of group A
beta-hemolytic Streptococcus. It usually occurs in children ages 5 to 15 years of age. The
infection commonly appears as an upper respiratory infection (tonsillitis, pharyngitis, or strep
throat). Antibodies to the streptococcus organism form as usual and then react with connective
tissue in the skin, joints, brain, and heart causing inflammation. The heart is the only site where
scar tissue occurs causing rheumatic heart disease.
Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease - Manifestations - Answers Rheumatic fever:
Low-grade fever, leukocytosis, malaise, anorexia and fatigue, tachycardia even at rest is
common, heart murmurs that indicate the site of inflammation, epistaxis and abdominal pain
Capillary Exchange - Manifestations - Answers Fluid moves into and out of capillaries and the
surrounding interstitial fluid according to hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, and capillary
permeability. Hydrostatic pressure is a "push force". When the pressure from fluid volume in one
fluid compartment is higher than in the neighboring fluid compartment, the compartment with
higher pressure (higher hydrostatic pressure) will "push" fluid into the neighboring compartment.
Osmotic pressure is a "pull" force. Osmotic pressure depends on the concentration of solutes in
fluid compartments. If there is a high concentration of solute in one compartment compared to
the neighboring fluid compartment, fluid will be "pulled" into the compartment with more solute
(the compartment with higher osmotic pressure). Changes to capillary permeability alter the
impact of hydrostatic and osmostic forces. Increased capillary permeability increases ability of
fluid to move out of capillary.
Benign vs Malignant tumors - PATHO - Answers A cellular growth that's no longer responding to
body controls. The cells continue to grow even when there is no longer a need for them to do so.
This deprives other cells of nutrients. Normal organization, growth inhibition, contact controls,
and cell-cell communication are absent. this expanding mass compresses nearby blood vessels,
leading to necrosis and an inflammation around the tumor as well as increasing pressure on
surrounding structures.Benign tumors usually consist of differentiated cells that reproduce at a
higher than normal rate. It is often encapsulated and expands but does not spread (metasize).
Malignant tumors are usually made up of undifferentiated, nonfunctional cells that do not
appear organized. They often show abnormal mitotic figures. They infiltrate or spread into
surrounding tissues and may easily metastasize or break away to spread to other organs and
structures.
Benign vs Malignant tumors - Manifestations - Answers 1. Unusual bleeding or discharge
anywhere in the body
2. change in bowel or bladder habits
3. change in a wart or a mole
4. a sore that does not heal
5. unexplained weight loss
6. anemia, low hemoglobin, or persistent fatigue
7. persistent cough or hoarseness without reason
8. a solid lump, often painless.- Pain is not normally a symptom until the tumor is in its
advanced stages.
Benign vs Malignant tumors - Complications - Answers - With any tumor, tissue damage can
,result from compression of adjacent structures such as blood vessels, which leads to necrosis.-
Pain (once in advanced stages)- obstruction of ducts, tubes, vessels, or tracts- tissue necrosis
may lead to infection around the tumor or ulceration- weight loss and cachexia- anemia or
severe fatigue- bleeding- paraneoplastic syndromes
A tumor can obstruct the following structures:
(Select all that apply)A. Lymphatic ducts
B. Digestive Tract
C. Blood vessels
D. Bronchial ducts
E. Nerve conduction - Answers ALL - Every one of these has been proven to be obstructed by a
neoplastic tumor at some point.
Hypertension - PATHO - Answers Mechanisms: In essential hypertension, there is an increase in
arteriolar vasoconstriction. A slight decrease in the diameter of the arterioles causes a major
increase in peripheral resistance, reduces the capacity of the system, and increases the
diastolic pressure or afterload substantially.
Causes: High sodium intake, excess alcohol intake, obesity, prolonged stress.
Risk factors: Incidence increases with age. Men are more frequently affected. African
Americans have a higher incidence.
Hypertension - Manifestations - Answers Hypertension is frequently asymptomatic in the early
stages and signs are vague and nonspecific. These vague signs can be: fatigue, malaise,
morning headache
Hypertension - Complications - Answers Over a long period of time, the increased blood
pressure causes damage to the arterial walls. They become hard and thick, narrowing the lumen.
The wall may tear, forming an aneurysm, or encourage atheroma formation. Blood supply is
reduced.
A patient has Diabetic nephropathy, what could this lead to?
A: Systemic vasodilation
B: Hemophilia A
C: Increased renin secretion
D: Decreased renin secretion - Answers C: Increased renin secretionThis is due to decreased
blood flow to the kidneys. The kidneys realize their is not enough pressure coming to them so
,they begin the RAAS system so increase blood pressure. This lead to systemic vasoconstriction
and also increased blood volume.
Cholelithiasis - PATHO - Answers Cholelithiasis:
- formation of calculi (gallstones)
- the gallbladder stores bile and releases it into the stomach to aid in digestion
- this is impaired if calculi fill the gallbladder
- stones form in result of accumulation of cholesterol, bile, bilirubin, and calcium salts
- Risk Factors include: Being female, high cholesterol intake, Obesity, Multiparity, Oral
contraceptive use, hemolytic anemia (bilirubin accumulation), alcoholic cirrhosis, and biliary
tract infection (4 F's: Fat, Fertile, Female, Forty/Family History)
Choledocholithiasis - PATHO - Answers Choledocholithiasis:
- Obstruction of a duct by calculi
- Causes sudden/severe waves of pain (colicky) with radiating pain to the subscapular area and
upper right shoulder, Nausea/Vomiting, Intolerance to fatty foods
- Risk factors are similar to Cholelithiasis since this is is a secondary issue to that
Cholelithiasis/Choledocholithiasis - Manifestations - Answers Obstruction of a duct by calculi,
colicky with radiating pain to subscapular area or right upper shoulder, fatty food intolerance
Cholelithiasis/Choledocholithiasis - Complications - Answers Cholecystitis, Acute Pancreatitis,
Cholangitis
Which patient is most at risk for Cholelithiasis?
A: A 20-year-old male who exercises daily and strictly watches his diet
B: A 40-year-old female who has 5 children and has decided to use oral contraceptives
C: A 10-year-old female with newly-developed hypotension
D: A 15 year-old male who has been experiencing periods of dizziness over the past few days
and has not taken medication for it - Answers B is correct. The information included in this
answer that indicates risk for cholelithiasis is the fact that she has multiparity and her use of
oral contraceptives. All of the other answer choices do not contain risk factors related to calculi
formation.
DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation) - PATHO - Answers This condition involves
excessive bleeding and excessive coagulation, it occurs from a complication of numerous
, primary problems, which activate the clotting process in the micro circulation throughout the
body. The primary conditions causing DIC can trigger the release of tissue thromboplastin or
injury to the endothelial cells, causing platelet adhesion. This process causes multiple
thromboses and infarctions but also consumes the available clotting factors which results in
hemorrhage, hypotension or shock. Examples of primary conditions that can cause DIC include:
obstetric complications (like placental abruption), infection, major trauma, and cancer.
DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation) - Maifestations - Answers This condition involves
excessive bleeding and excessive coagulation, it occurs from a complication of numerous
primary problems, which activate the clotting process in the micro circulation throughout the
body. The primary conditions causing DIC can trigger the release of tissue thromboplastin or
injury to the endothelial cells, causing platelet adhesion. This process causes multiple
thromboses and infarctions but also consumes the available clotting factors which results in
hemorrhage, hypotension or shock. Examples of primary conditions that can cause DIC include:
obstetric complications (like placental abruption), infection, major trauma, and cancer.
DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation) - Complications - Answers Ischemia and multiple
infarctions excessive bleeding and hemorrhageand organ failure
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation is a condition that is often life threatening, this
condition can arise from different physiologic problems, which one of the answers below is not
a primary reason for DIC
a) extensive endothelial damage
b) release of tissue thromboplastin
c) hypertension from CVD
d) obstetric complication - Answers C is the correct answer because hypertension is not
PRIMARY reason for DIC comparing these answers to A, B, and D you can see that these are
direct primary causes of DIC
Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease - PATHO - Answers Rheumatic fever is an acute
systemic inflammatory condition that appears to result from abnormal immune reaction
occurring a few weeks after an untreated infection usually caused by certain strains of group A
beta-hemolytic Streptococcus. It usually occurs in children ages 5 to 15 years of age. The
infection commonly appears as an upper respiratory infection (tonsillitis, pharyngitis, or strep
throat). Antibodies to the streptococcus organism form as usual and then react with connective
tissue in the skin, joints, brain, and heart causing inflammation. The heart is the only site where
scar tissue occurs causing rheumatic heart disease.
Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease - Manifestations - Answers Rheumatic fever:
Low-grade fever, leukocytosis, malaise, anorexia and fatigue, tachycardia even at rest is
common, heart murmurs that indicate the site of inflammation, epistaxis and abdominal pain
