WCU PATHO 370 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDY QUESTIONS 2025

WCU PATHO 370 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDY QUESTIONS 2025 Which statement is true? Women have a lower hemoglobin level than men. Men have a lower creatinine level than women. Men have a higher calcium level than women. Women snore more than men. - Correct Ans-Women have a lower hemoglobin level than men. Hematopoiesis is a process that includes which of the following (select all that apply): Oxyhemoglobin dissociation Mitotic division Reticulocytosis Chloride shift Maturation - Correct Ans-Mitotic division Chloride shift Which is a transport form for CO2 in the blood? (Select all that apply): Dissolved gas As a bicarbonate ion Between bivalent molecules Attached to erythropoietin Association with hemoglobin (Hgb) - Correct Ans-Dissolved gas As a bicarbonate ion Association with hemoglobin (Hgb) What is the name for the arrangement in which separate cells of the myocardium can function together? - Correct Ans-Syncytium PATHO 370 PATHO 370 PATHO 370 What gene is associated with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)? - Correct Ans-bcr-abl Which drug is a protease inhibitor? (Select all that apply): Lamivudine (Epivir) Nelfinavir (Viracept) Atazanavir (Reyatax) Zidovudine (Retrovir) Fosamprenavir (Lexiva) - Correct Ans-Nelfinavir (Viracept) Atazanavir (Reyatax) Fosamprenavir (Lexiva) Which is associated with early increased intracranial pressure? - Correct Ans-Headache Which wave corresponds with the AV valve bulging during ventricular contraction? - Correct Ans-C Wave Viruses injure cells differently than other causes of cellular injury because they - Correct Ans-Are incorporated into the cell, where it uses the cell's RNA or DNA for self replication Cholecystitis is caused by - Correct Ans-Inflammatory reactions Which serum enzyme is the most specific for diagnosing acute pancreatitis? - Correct Ans-Lipase Activation of the renin-angiotensin system in shock causes - Correct Ans-Fluid retention When viewed on x-ray, the bone has a linear fracture that occurs in a straight line across the bone. Which term best describes this type of fracture? - Correct Ans Transverse Which condition constitutes an emergency situation? Phimosis Hydrocele Epididymitis Testicular torsion - Correct Ans-Testicular torsion PATHO 370 PATHO 370 What clinical finding suggests a diagnosis of nephritic syndrome? (Select all that apply.) Hypercoagulability Hypoalbuminemia Hypoproteinemia Hyperlipidemia Proteinuria Edema - Correct Ans-Hypercoagulability Hypoalbuminemia Hypoproteinemia Hyperlipidemia Edema Which statement regarding chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a true statement? - Correct Ans-Affected persons carry the Philadelphia chromosome. -CML is caused by malignant granulocytes. -CML occurs occasionally in children and adolescents. -CML represents approximately 15% of all cases of leukemia in the United States. The average age of onset is between 40 and 50 years. The vasoactive mediators released in septic shock contribute to increase - Correct Ans Vascular permeability Which is a classification of emphysema? (Select all that apply.) Centriacinar Parenchyma Panacinar Paraseptal Bullae - Correct Ans-Centriacinar Panacinar Paraseptal Three major classifications of emphysema exist including centriacinar (also called centrilobular), which is associated with both smoking and chronic bronchitis and PATHO 370 PATHO 370 destroys the respiratory bronchioles; panacinar (also called panlobular), which destroys the alveoli; and paraseptal, which affects the peripheral lobules. Parenchyma is a type of lung tissue. Emphysema can result in the presence of blebs or bullae in the lungs. Which finding is consistent with Guillain-Barré syndrome? - Correct Ans-Patients often experience paresthesia or dysesthesia. Tubercular bacilli are transmitted by contract with infected - Correct Ans-Airborne droplets Abnormal fluid accumulations in the pleural space affect the lung function by causing which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Dyspnea Dry cough Pleuritic pain Expiratory grunting Localized diminished breath sounds - Correct Ans-Dyspnea Dry cough Pleuritic pain Localized diminished breath sounds Pleural effusion causes dyspnea, dry cough, pleuritic pain, and diminished breath sounds over effusion. Grunting on expiration is not associated with pleural effusion. Elevated glucose levels in individuals with diabetes mellitus greatly influence fluid balance and hydration because - Correct Ans-Fluids are lost as the kidneys clear excessive glucose during hyperglycemia Which statement is true regarding epinephrine? - Correct Ans-It results in increased cardiac output A contributing factor to the formation of an embolus includes which of the following? (Select all that apply.) A chronic blood disorder like anemia Dislodged fat after long-bone surgery Air bolus introduced by IV therapy Foreign object in the blood stream PATHO 370 PATHO 370 An infected blood vessel - Correct Ans-Dislodged fat after long-bone surgery Air bolus introduced by IV therapy Foreign object in the blood stream An infected blood vessel Which statement characterizes the nature and capabilities of the liver? (Select all that apply.) The liver plays a role in the digestion of fats. Blood detoxification is a function of the liver. Liver function is seriously impaired with even minimal damage. Liver function can be sustained artificially during hepatic failure. The liver is vulnerable to illness, but has considerable repair abilities. - Correct Ans-The liver plays a role in the digestion of fats. Blood detoxification is a function of the liver. The liver is vulnerable to illness, but has considerable repair abilities. The functions of the liver are multiple and include metabolism of fats, proteins, and glucose and detoxification of endogenous and exogenous substances. Although vulnerable to variety of metabolic, circulatory, toxic, microbial, and neoplastic insults, the liver has a high degree of reserve and the ability to repair itself if circulation remains intact. More than 80% of the liver may be destroyed before life is threatened. Artificial liver function is not yet perfected. A 39-year-old patient who has been taking a specific antibiotic for years without problems develops tachycardia, lowered blood pressure, wheezing, and urticaria when given this antibiotic in the clinic. The most likely explanation for this occurrence is that the patient - Correct Ans-is experiencing an anaphylactic hypersensitivity reaction to the antibiotic. Contraction of vascular smooth muscle (referred to as vasomotor tone) is mostly accomplished via the extrinsic mechanism of the autonomic nervous system, resulting in which receptor response? - Correct Ans-α-1 Because arteries have the most smooth muscle, they are most affected by central nervous system stimulation. The release of norepinephrine (the postganglionic neurotransmitter) results in arterial vasoconstriction via the α-1 receptors located on the vascular smooth muscle walls Although β-2 receptors on smooth muscles are affected, they only increase nutrient and oxygen supplies to skeletal muscles via vasodilation, not vasoconstriction, during times of stress. β-1 and α-2 receptor responses are not involved in this scenario. PATHO 370 PATHO 370 Which gene has been identified as specifically contributing to some types of breast cancer? - Correct Ans-BRCA1 Which statement is true regarding scoliosis? (Select all that apply.) Cardiac abnormalities may result. Respiratory difficulties may result. Treatment always involves surgery. Gastrointestinal difficulties may result. Untreated scoliosis improves with age. - Correct Ans-Respiratory difficulties may result. Gastrointestinal difficulties may result. Which is a modifiable risk factor for prevention of atherosclerosis? - Correct Ans Smoking The process of converting painful stimuli into neuronal action potentials at the sensory receptor is termed - Correct Ans-Transduction Which statement(s) are true regarding replication of the HIV virus? (Select all that apply.) Accuracy of transcription is poor with multiple mutations. HIV viruses that enter the cells must be converted to double-stranded DNA. The conversion of the DNA is made by the reverse transcriptase from the viral DNA. The DNA is a template copied by the DNA polymerase to make a second DNA strand. The process of HIV replication is responsible for the ineffectiveness of many antiviral drugs. - Correct Ans-Accuracy of transcription is poor with multiple mutations. The conversion of the DNA is made by the reverse transcriptase from the viral DNA. The DNA is a template copied by the DNA polymerase to make a second DNA strand. The process of HIV replication is responsible for the ineffectiveness of many antiviral drugs. A patient is diagnosed with dementia. There has been an increase in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume, but no increase in intracranial pressure. What type of hydrocephalus is this patient demonstrating - Correct Ans-Normal pressure PATHO 370 PATHO 370 Which statement is true regarding amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Correct Ans-The hands or upper extremities are affected first Which type of cell does not contain the CD4 receptor? - Correct Ans-Vaginal Which statement is true regarding thalassemia? - Correct Ans-It is a deficiency of one or more polypeptide chains Thalassemia is caused by destruction or hemolysis of red blood cells. These diseases are caused by mutant genes that suppress the rate of synthesis of globin chains, which are composed of two pairs of polypeptide chains. α-Thalassemia is common in Asians. β-thalassemia is common in individuals of Mediterranean descent. The cause of this disorder does not relate to toxins. Which is a pathophysiologic change that is consistent with Alzheimer disease? Amyloid plaques Epileptogenic focus Focal cerebral infarct Neurofibrillary tangles Abnormal serotonin system - Correct Ans-Amyloid plaques Neurofibrillary tangles A patient experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (MI) is given a drug to lyse the clot in the coronary artery. What is the best explanation for the sudden development of a serious arrhythmia once circulation is restored? - Correct Ans-The return of oxygen perfusion resulted in reperfusion injury. The condition associated with hypoxemia as a result of lung disease or living at high altitudes is called - Correct Ans-secondary polycythemia Mesangial cells are responsive to glomerular stretch and are stimulated to contract as a result of - Correct Ans-Additional blood entering the glomerulus Which statement is true regarding the composition of human blood? - Correct Ans Blood volume averages 5 to 6 L Which statement regarding the lymphatic system is true? - Correct Ans-It allows for leakage from the vascular system to be reabsorbed into the body's circulation system Which pathogenetic change is associated with acute bronchitis? (Select all that apply.) PATHO 370 PATHO 370 Mast cell-induced inflammation Swelling from exudation of fluid Decreased mucous production Loss of ciliary function Inflamed airways - Correct Ans-Swelling from exudation of fluid Loss of ciliary function Inflamed airways The part of the cardiac cycle in which the cardiac muscle obtains oxygen and rids itself of waste products is the - Correct Ans-Diastole When the cause of a disease is due to unintended or unwanted medical treatment, the term to describe this is - Correct Ans-Iatrogenic In what way do proto-oncogenes become activated oncogenes? - Correct Ans-Certain retroviruses enter host cells, altering their DNA structure. What is the mechanism of cellular injury that occurs when deep sea divers get "the bends"? - Correct Ans-Gas bubbles form in the blood, blocking circulation and resulting in ischemia. The main cause of extracellular fluid volume deficit is - Correct Ans-A decrease in saline in the same concentration as the normal extracellular fluid or third spacing Which adverse event occurs as a result of reperfusion injury? - Correct Ans-Free radical formation The re-established blood flow allows both the entry of inflammatory cells into the area and the formation of free radicals. The re-established blood flow results in an increase of arachidonic acid formation and an increase of inflammatory cells. With reperfusion, there is a return of oxygen. Hemoglobin desaturates in which states? (Select all that apply.) High PCO2 (hypercapnia) Low PCO2 (hypocapnia) High pH (alkalosis) Low pH (acidosis) PATHO 370 PATHO 370 Dehydration - Correct Ans-High PCO2 (hypercapnia) Low pH (acidosis) Oxygen saturation refers to the extent to which hemoglobin is saturated with oxygen. In the presence of low pH (acidosis) and high PCO2 concentrations (hypercapnia), the hemoglobin molecule releases the O2 molecule more readily resulting in a lack of attached oxygen molecules. In the presence of either low pH (acidosis) and/or high PCO2 concentrations (hypercapnia), the hemoglobin molecule releases the O2 molecule more readily resulting on oxygenation. Dehydration is not a factor in hemoglobin desaturation. Thrombosis in the microcirculation throughout the body is called - Correct Ans Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) Established criteria for diagnosing fibromyalgia syndrome includes pain that - Correct Ans-Lasts for 3 months or more Which is the stage when spread of lymphoma has reached extralymphatic organs and tissues? - Correct Ans-Stage IV Appropriate early treatment for infants with jaundice-related encephalopathy may include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Drug therapy that displaces bilirubin from albumin Phenobarbital to increase the levels of UDPGT Phototherapy (bili-lights) Exchange transfusions Antibiotic therapy - Correct Ans-Phenobarbital to increase the levels of UDPGT Phototherapy (bili-lights) Exchange transfusions Which best defines systolic blood pressure? - Correct Ans-Occurs during ventricular contraction A 10-year-old boy has a metastatic lesion in the metaphyseal region of the femur that is referred to as - Correct Ans-An osteosarcoma Osteosarcoma is an extremely malignant bone-forming tumor. It occurs in young adults from age 10 to 30 or in adults 60 to 70 years of age. It occurs in the metaphyseal region of long bones. Osteoid osteoma is painful but benign; these tumors occur in individuals 10 to 20 years of age. Radiographs show the lesion enclosed in a sclerotic shell. Giant cell tumors are benign but aggressive. They commonly occur between the ages of 20 PATHO 370 PATHO 370 and 40 years. Chondroma is a cartilage-forming tumor located within the bone and can be located within the medullary cavity of the bone. Low serum levels of which hormone is helpful in differentiating between primary or secondary causes of hypothyroidism - Correct Ans-Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) A severely hypertensive patient presents with the classic triad of headache, tachycardia, and diaphoresis, and laboratory tests show excessive circulating catecholamine levels. Which rare, but treatable, disorder is suspected? - Correct Ans-Pheochromocytoma A pheochromocytoma is a catecholamine-secreting tumor that is usually located in the adrenal medulla and presents a classic triad of symptoms (headache, tachycardia, and diaphoresis) that result from effects of the massive circulating catecholamine levels on the sympathetic nervous system. Adrenal cortical hypertension and hypertrophy or hypotrophy of the adrenal gland do not present with these symptoms. Signs and symptoms of aplastic anemia include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Fever Pallor Dyspnea Petechiae Bradycardia - Correct Ans-Fever Pallor Dyspnea Petechiae Which cell is from myeloid lineage? (Select all that apply.) B cells Platelets Monocytes Natural killer cells Granulocytes - Correct Ans-Platelets