NUR2063 - Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 Review Questions Answered Correctly
Latest Update 2025-2026
Cryptorchidism Complications - Answers Fibrotic tubules with deficiency in spermatogenesis,
infertility.
Amenorrhea - Answers Absence of menstruation
Amenorrhea Causes - Answers Hormonal disturbances
Stress
Neoplasms (ovarian, adrenal, pituitary tumors)
Complications of Dialysis - Answers Cardiovascular disease
Hypervolemia
Depression
Prostatitis - Answers Inflammation of the prostate.
Most common association is E. coli.
Prostatitis S/S - Answers Fever
Chills
Tender prostate
Low back pain
Dysuria
Leukocytosis
Renal Calculus Cause - Answers Urine becomes supersaturated with specific solute that forms
crystals. Crystallization is enhanced when a person is dehydrated or has higher than normal
levels of solute in the urine from excessive secretion (calcium, uric acid).
Renal Calculus S/S - Answers Dull, localized flank pain Acute discomfort accompanied by
nausea and vomiting, diaphoresis (sweating), tachycardia, and tachypnea (abnormal, rapid
breathing) Renal colic (intermittent, sharp pain) develops as the stone moves to the
ureteropelvic junction
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy S/S - Answers Urinary retention
Obstruction to flow
, Decreased stream
Hesitancy; difficulty initiating a stream
Interruption of the stream
Infection caused by retention
.Aldosterone - Answers "salt-retaining hormone". Steroid that promotes the retention of Na+ by
the kidneys. Na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a higher blood volume
and pressur
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - Answers Promotes retention of water by kidneys and increases
blood pressure.
Chronic Renal Failure Risk Factors - Answers Diabetes
Hypertension
Recurrent pyelonephritis
Acute tubular necrosis
Glomerulonephritis
Polycystic kidney disease
Family history of CKD
Smoking
Age over 65 Ethnicity
Chronic Renal Failure Causes - Answers The outcome of the progressive and irrevocable loss of
nephrons. More than 75% of the total number of nephrons must be lost before clinical
manifestations appear.
.Cystitis Causes - Answers Inflammation of the bladder lining, may result from bacterial, fungal,
or parasitic infections; chemical irritants; foreign bodies (e.g., stones); or trauma. By far the
most common is bacterial infection.
Cystitis Pathogenesis - Answers E. coli adheres to bladder epithelium, colonizes, and invades
host cells.
Cystitis S/S - Answers Acute onset of frequency, urgency, and dysuria; pain may be present in
the suprapubic area. The urine may appear pink because of hematuria or cloudy as a result of
the infectious organism.
Latest Update 2025-2026
Cryptorchidism Complications - Answers Fibrotic tubules with deficiency in spermatogenesis,
infertility.
Amenorrhea - Answers Absence of menstruation
Amenorrhea Causes - Answers Hormonal disturbances
Stress
Neoplasms (ovarian, adrenal, pituitary tumors)
Complications of Dialysis - Answers Cardiovascular disease
Hypervolemia
Depression
Prostatitis - Answers Inflammation of the prostate.
Most common association is E. coli.
Prostatitis S/S - Answers Fever
Chills
Tender prostate
Low back pain
Dysuria
Leukocytosis
Renal Calculus Cause - Answers Urine becomes supersaturated with specific solute that forms
crystals. Crystallization is enhanced when a person is dehydrated or has higher than normal
levels of solute in the urine from excessive secretion (calcium, uric acid).
Renal Calculus S/S - Answers Dull, localized flank pain Acute discomfort accompanied by
nausea and vomiting, diaphoresis (sweating), tachycardia, and tachypnea (abnormal, rapid
breathing) Renal colic (intermittent, sharp pain) develops as the stone moves to the
ureteropelvic junction
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy S/S - Answers Urinary retention
Obstruction to flow
, Decreased stream
Hesitancy; difficulty initiating a stream
Interruption of the stream
Infection caused by retention
.Aldosterone - Answers "salt-retaining hormone". Steroid that promotes the retention of Na+ by
the kidneys. Na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a higher blood volume
and pressur
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - Answers Promotes retention of water by kidneys and increases
blood pressure.
Chronic Renal Failure Risk Factors - Answers Diabetes
Hypertension
Recurrent pyelonephritis
Acute tubular necrosis
Glomerulonephritis
Polycystic kidney disease
Family history of CKD
Smoking
Age over 65 Ethnicity
Chronic Renal Failure Causes - Answers The outcome of the progressive and irrevocable loss of
nephrons. More than 75% of the total number of nephrons must be lost before clinical
manifestations appear.
.Cystitis Causes - Answers Inflammation of the bladder lining, may result from bacterial, fungal,
or parasitic infections; chemical irritants; foreign bodies (e.g., stones); or trauma. By far the
most common is bacterial infection.
Cystitis Pathogenesis - Answers E. coli adheres to bladder epithelium, colonizes, and invades
host cells.
Cystitis S/S - Answers Acute onset of frequency, urgency, and dysuria; pain may be present in
the suprapubic area. The urine may appear pink because of hematuria or cloudy as a result of
the infectious organism.
