PS 222: Exam 1 questions and
complete detailed answers
sensation - answer ✔✔-raw data is processed by sensory receptors
perception - answer ✔✔-raw data is processed by the brain
sensation - answer ✔✔-: Initial steps in the perceptual process, whereby physical features of
the environment are converted into electrochemical signals that are sent to the brain for
processing.
senses - answer ✔✔-: Physiological functions for converting particular environmental features
into electrochemical signals.
perception - answer ✔✔-Later steps in the perceptual process, whereby the initial sensory
signals are used to represent objects and events so they can be identified, stored in memory,
and used in thought and action.
representation - answer ✔✔-Information in the mind and brain used to identify objects and
events, to store them in memory, and to support thought and action.
(1) The arrival of a text message involves distal stimuli—objects and events that can be
perceived.
,(2) The distal stimuli give rise to proximal stimuli—physical phenomena such as light entering
the eyes, sound entering the ears, and pressure against the skin that
(3) are converted into information-carrying neural signals by specialized receptors; these signals
are sent to the brain.
(4) Within the brain, neural signals represent visual, auditory, and tactile perceptions that
(5) give rise to conscious awareness and provide a basis for a variety of cognitive activities,
including thought and planning, memory storage, and action guidance. - answer ✔✔-what is
the process of perception?
neurons - answer ✔✔-Cells of the nervous system that produce and transmit information-
carrying signals
neural signals - answer ✔✔-Information-carrying electrochemical signals produced and
transmitted by neurons
sensory receptors - answer ✔✔-Specialized neurons that convert proximal stimuli into neural
signals
stimuli - answer ✔✔-Objects and events that are perceived (distal stimuli) and the physical
phenomena they produce (proximal stimuli)
distal stimulus - answer ✔✔-Perceived object or event in the world
proximal stimulus - answer ✔✔-Physical phenomenon evoked by a distal stimulus that impinges
on the specialized cells of a sense
Answer to question: Through rigorous, quantitative, and repeatable experimental methods,
including the methods of cognitive neuroscience and the methods of psychophysics.
Cognitive neuroscience measures neural activity both at the level of individual neurons and at
the level of groups of neurons and neural circuits in the brain.
,Psychophysics assesses perceptual experience on the basis of simple behavioral responses, such
as reporting whether a stimulus was detected or whether two stimuli appeared to be the same
or different.
These methods are the tools that perceptual scientists use to investigate the relationships
between distal stimuli, proximal stimuli, neural activity in the brain, and perceptual experience.
By examining how these factors are related, we can develop an account of the causal chains
that link them - answer ✔✔-Three main questions posed in this text:
How does the proximal stimulus carry information about the thing that is perceived?
How is the proximal stimulus transformed into neural signals?
What is the relationship between perceptual experience and the distal stimulus, the thing that
is perceived?
How do scientists answer these kinds of questions
If you answered "five" you and Aristotle are not alone—many would agree with you—but there
are many more senses. - answer ✔✔-are there five senses? And according to whom?
Our sensory systems are the result of about 400 million years of evolution - answer ✔✔-were
our sensory systems built from evolution?
Senses evolve in response to the physical properties of objects and environment for organism to
survive. - answer ✔✔-how did our senses evolve over time?
Vision
Audition
Tactile perception
Proprioception
Nociception
Thermoreception
, Balance
Olfaction
Gustation - answer ✔✔-what are the ten senses?
sensory neurons - answer ✔✔-involved in the first stages of sensation
neurons - answer ✔✔-what makes up the entire nervous system?
dea that what i actually, see, hear, feel are things produced internally by my own nervous
system in response to things in the environment but it's not one to one representation. It is
what my body does in response to that thing in the real world but it is not that thing in the real
world. - answer ✔✔-Are you seeing and hearing exactly a one-to-one representation of what is
in the environment?
Sensation is when the energy hits youb ody and that's where it ends/ Sensing color is
electromagnetic radiation and photons enter eyeball and change photoreceptors response
Sensation is registering energy
Perception is everything your brain does after that - answer ✔✔-what is the difference between
sensation and perception?
Sensation without perception:when you are dreaming you are perceiving something that you
are sensing. (light is not bombarding your retina)
If somebody is Deaf or blind with brain damage: THey may sense with their ears but bran can't
produce image so you can't perceiveYou tune out perceptual content of a sensory process. Brain
filters out the sensation of shoe touching your feet. - answer ✔✔-can you have sensation
without perception and perception without sensation?
perception - answer ✔✔-anything you can think about
complete detailed answers
sensation - answer ✔✔-raw data is processed by sensory receptors
perception - answer ✔✔-raw data is processed by the brain
sensation - answer ✔✔-: Initial steps in the perceptual process, whereby physical features of
the environment are converted into electrochemical signals that are sent to the brain for
processing.
senses - answer ✔✔-: Physiological functions for converting particular environmental features
into electrochemical signals.
perception - answer ✔✔-Later steps in the perceptual process, whereby the initial sensory
signals are used to represent objects and events so they can be identified, stored in memory,
and used in thought and action.
representation - answer ✔✔-Information in the mind and brain used to identify objects and
events, to store them in memory, and to support thought and action.
(1) The arrival of a text message involves distal stimuli—objects and events that can be
perceived.
,(2) The distal stimuli give rise to proximal stimuli—physical phenomena such as light entering
the eyes, sound entering the ears, and pressure against the skin that
(3) are converted into information-carrying neural signals by specialized receptors; these signals
are sent to the brain.
(4) Within the brain, neural signals represent visual, auditory, and tactile perceptions that
(5) give rise to conscious awareness and provide a basis for a variety of cognitive activities,
including thought and planning, memory storage, and action guidance. - answer ✔✔-what is
the process of perception?
neurons - answer ✔✔-Cells of the nervous system that produce and transmit information-
carrying signals
neural signals - answer ✔✔-Information-carrying electrochemical signals produced and
transmitted by neurons
sensory receptors - answer ✔✔-Specialized neurons that convert proximal stimuli into neural
signals
stimuli - answer ✔✔-Objects and events that are perceived (distal stimuli) and the physical
phenomena they produce (proximal stimuli)
distal stimulus - answer ✔✔-Perceived object or event in the world
proximal stimulus - answer ✔✔-Physical phenomenon evoked by a distal stimulus that impinges
on the specialized cells of a sense
Answer to question: Through rigorous, quantitative, and repeatable experimental methods,
including the methods of cognitive neuroscience and the methods of psychophysics.
Cognitive neuroscience measures neural activity both at the level of individual neurons and at
the level of groups of neurons and neural circuits in the brain.
,Psychophysics assesses perceptual experience on the basis of simple behavioral responses, such
as reporting whether a stimulus was detected or whether two stimuli appeared to be the same
or different.
These methods are the tools that perceptual scientists use to investigate the relationships
between distal stimuli, proximal stimuli, neural activity in the brain, and perceptual experience.
By examining how these factors are related, we can develop an account of the causal chains
that link them - answer ✔✔-Three main questions posed in this text:
How does the proximal stimulus carry information about the thing that is perceived?
How is the proximal stimulus transformed into neural signals?
What is the relationship between perceptual experience and the distal stimulus, the thing that
is perceived?
How do scientists answer these kinds of questions
If you answered "five" you and Aristotle are not alone—many would agree with you—but there
are many more senses. - answer ✔✔-are there five senses? And according to whom?
Our sensory systems are the result of about 400 million years of evolution - answer ✔✔-were
our sensory systems built from evolution?
Senses evolve in response to the physical properties of objects and environment for organism to
survive. - answer ✔✔-how did our senses evolve over time?
Vision
Audition
Tactile perception
Proprioception
Nociception
Thermoreception
, Balance
Olfaction
Gustation - answer ✔✔-what are the ten senses?
sensory neurons - answer ✔✔-involved in the first stages of sensation
neurons - answer ✔✔-what makes up the entire nervous system?
dea that what i actually, see, hear, feel are things produced internally by my own nervous
system in response to things in the environment but it's not one to one representation. It is
what my body does in response to that thing in the real world but it is not that thing in the real
world. - answer ✔✔-Are you seeing and hearing exactly a one-to-one representation of what is
in the environment?
Sensation is when the energy hits youb ody and that's where it ends/ Sensing color is
electromagnetic radiation and photons enter eyeball and change photoreceptors response
Sensation is registering energy
Perception is everything your brain does after that - answer ✔✔-what is the difference between
sensation and perception?
Sensation without perception:when you are dreaming you are perceiving something that you
are sensing. (light is not bombarding your retina)
If somebody is Deaf or blind with brain damage: THey may sense with their ears but bran can't
produce image so you can't perceiveYou tune out perceptual content of a sensory process. Brain
filters out the sensation of shoe touching your feet. - answer ✔✔-can you have sensation
without perception and perception without sensation?
perception - answer ✔✔-anything you can think about
