CHEM 210 BIOCHEMISTRY FINAL EXAM ()
PORTAGE LEARNING QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS
SOPBAR - ANSWER-used to find degrees of unsaturation
((2C+2)-H-X+N)/2
Resonance Rules - ANSWER--no breaking single bonds
-do not exceed octet
-keep net charge the same
-try to have full octets (most stable)
Resonance Patterns - ANSWER-1. Lone pair e- next door to pi bond
2. Pi bond next to positive charge
3. Double bond btwn atoms of differing electronegativity (ex: carbonyl)
Curved Arrows - ANSWER-show movement of pair of electrons
*start at lone pair or double bond*
Hybridization - ANSWER-sp3= tetrahedral, four domains
sp2=trig planar, three domains (double bond counts only as 1)
meth - ANSWER-1 C
eth - ANSWER-2 C
prop - ANSWER-3 C
but - ANSWER-4 C
pent - ANSWER-5 C
hex - ANSWER-6 C
hept - ANSWER-7 C
oct - ANSWER-8 C
non - ANSWER-9 C
dec - ANSWER-10 C
IUPAC Naming Rules - ANSWER-1.substituent-parent-suffix
*suffix is highest priority substituent*
2. Numbers correspond with location on parent chain (longest continuous carbon chain)
3. List substituents alphabetically (tert, sec, di, tri do not count...)
4. Highest priority substituent gets lowest number C
5. Halogens are substituents (will not be suffix)
propyl - ANSWER-
, isopropyl - ANSWER-
butyl - ANSWER-4 C, attached on primary carbon
sec-butyl - ANSWER-
isobutyl - ANSWER-
tert-butyl - ANSWER-
phenyl/benzene ring - ANSWER-
Newman Projections - ANSWER-staggered=more stable, less strain, lower E
eclipsed= less stable, more strain, higher E
Staggered Newman Interactions - ANSWER-anti= 180 degrees btwn C groups
gauche= 60 degrees btwn C groups
*gauche interactions are less stable than anti*
Ring stability - ANSWER-small rings are less stable because there is more strain (since C are closer and
at unideal angles)
Chair Conformations - ANSWER-Axial: vertical up or down
Equatorial: diagonal up or down
** subs in equatorial are more stable compared to being axial**
wedge= up dash=down
Chair Examples - ANSWER-
E/Z nomenclature - ANSWER-E isomer = opposite sides
Z isomer = same side
Steps: determine subs with highest priority on each side of alkene
Chirality - ANSWER--compound cannot be superimposed on mirror image
-chiral centers have all different connections, must be sp3 hybridized
Chiral Center Example - ANSWER-
Enantiomer - ANSWER-- non-superimposable mirror images
- exact opposites
R/S Configuration - ANSWER-R = clockwise
S = counterclockwise
Steps: assign priority to substituents, look at direction of priority
** if H or lowest priority is not on dash, rotate**
Diastereomers - ANSWER--Non mirror images
-Not completely opposite
-Some differences
Meso Compounds - ANSWER--MUST HAVE INTERNAL PLANE OF SYMMETRY
-Chiral centers but are achiral!!
-Optically inactive
Optical Activity - ANSWER-rotation of the plane of polarized light
PORTAGE LEARNING QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS
SOPBAR - ANSWER-used to find degrees of unsaturation
((2C+2)-H-X+N)/2
Resonance Rules - ANSWER--no breaking single bonds
-do not exceed octet
-keep net charge the same
-try to have full octets (most stable)
Resonance Patterns - ANSWER-1. Lone pair e- next door to pi bond
2. Pi bond next to positive charge
3. Double bond btwn atoms of differing electronegativity (ex: carbonyl)
Curved Arrows - ANSWER-show movement of pair of electrons
*start at lone pair or double bond*
Hybridization - ANSWER-sp3= tetrahedral, four domains
sp2=trig planar, three domains (double bond counts only as 1)
meth - ANSWER-1 C
eth - ANSWER-2 C
prop - ANSWER-3 C
but - ANSWER-4 C
pent - ANSWER-5 C
hex - ANSWER-6 C
hept - ANSWER-7 C
oct - ANSWER-8 C
non - ANSWER-9 C
dec - ANSWER-10 C
IUPAC Naming Rules - ANSWER-1.substituent-parent-suffix
*suffix is highest priority substituent*
2. Numbers correspond with location on parent chain (longest continuous carbon chain)
3. List substituents alphabetically (tert, sec, di, tri do not count...)
4. Highest priority substituent gets lowest number C
5. Halogens are substituents (will not be suffix)
propyl - ANSWER-
, isopropyl - ANSWER-
butyl - ANSWER-4 C, attached on primary carbon
sec-butyl - ANSWER-
isobutyl - ANSWER-
tert-butyl - ANSWER-
phenyl/benzene ring - ANSWER-
Newman Projections - ANSWER-staggered=more stable, less strain, lower E
eclipsed= less stable, more strain, higher E
Staggered Newman Interactions - ANSWER-anti= 180 degrees btwn C groups
gauche= 60 degrees btwn C groups
*gauche interactions are less stable than anti*
Ring stability - ANSWER-small rings are less stable because there is more strain (since C are closer and
at unideal angles)
Chair Conformations - ANSWER-Axial: vertical up or down
Equatorial: diagonal up or down
** subs in equatorial are more stable compared to being axial**
wedge= up dash=down
Chair Examples - ANSWER-
E/Z nomenclature - ANSWER-E isomer = opposite sides
Z isomer = same side
Steps: determine subs with highest priority on each side of alkene
Chirality - ANSWER--compound cannot be superimposed on mirror image
-chiral centers have all different connections, must be sp3 hybridized
Chiral Center Example - ANSWER-
Enantiomer - ANSWER-- non-superimposable mirror images
- exact opposites
R/S Configuration - ANSWER-R = clockwise
S = counterclockwise
Steps: assign priority to substituents, look at direction of priority
** if H or lowest priority is not on dash, rotate**
Diastereomers - ANSWER--Non mirror images
-Not completely opposite
-Some differences
Meso Compounds - ANSWER--MUST HAVE INTERNAL PLANE OF SYMMETRY
-Chiral centers but are achiral!!
-Optically inactive
Optical Activity - ANSWER-rotation of the plane of polarized light
