PHAR 100 FINAL EXAM WITH ALL CORRECT & 100%
VERIFIED ANSWERS|ACTUAL COMPLETE EXAM|
ALREADY GRADED A+|2025 LATEST VERSION
Drugs ✔Correct Answer-Any substance received by a.biological system that is not received for
nutritive purposes and which influences the biological function of the organism. Means that
chemicals, biological agents and herbal products are all drugs.
When were the majority of clinically useful drugs developed? ✔Correct Answer-Over the past 250
years.
Pharmaology ✔Correct Answer-The science of drugs, including their uses, effects and mechanisms
of action.
Key historical influences that have shaped modern pharmacology ✔Correct Answer-The many
discoveries made by ancient civilizations
The role of poisons in history.
The influence of religion.
Ancient Civilizations ✔Correct Answer-Healers existed in a number of ancient cultures including
Ancient Greece, Ancient Egypt and Ancient China.
Ancient Greece: Threophastus ✔Correct Answer-Threophrastus, a pupil of Aristotle wrote a
textbook on therapeutics that included opium.
Opium is obtained from the opium poppy.
Ancient Greece: Serturner ✔Correct Answer-A pharmacist working in Germany in 1803. Isolated
crystals of morphine in opium and tested the pure substance. Discovered it could relieve pain.
What does opium contain ✔Correct Answer-Morphine, codeine
Morphine ✔Correct Answer-Opium contains approximately 10% morphine. Coined from
Morpheus.
Codeine ✔Correct Answer-Contains 0.5% codeine.
Ancient Egypt ✔Correct Answer-recorded on documents called papyri.
q
Ebers papyrus ✔Correct Answer-1550 BCE: Intended to be a textbook of drug use for medical
students.
The papyrus contained mainy true observations on the use of drugs, especially purgatives.
,Senna- still used today
Ancient China ✔Correct Answer-Earliest recorded drug experiments come from China in the year
2700 BCE. Shen Nung used to classify drugs according to taste.
Ma Huang was classified as a medium drug. Widely used for coughs, influenza and fevers.
Ephedrine has been isolated from Ma Huang. Used to treat asthma. Can be used as a decongestant.
Poisons: Curare ✔Correct Answer-Plant-derived drug. Historically used by indigenous people in
regions of the Amazon.
Curare: Use of a poison ✔Correct Answer-Indigenous peoples of the Amazon dipped their arrows
in curare for hunting. Acted upon voluntary muscles causing paralysis.
Curare: Use as a drug ✔Correct Answer-Used by Indigenous People inspired allopathic medicine.
Eventually used by anesthetics during surgery. Small doses could relieve muscles. The structure has
since been modified to make it safer.
Ergot ✔Correct Answer-A poisonous fungus that grows on the heads of rye.
Ground together with rye in the middle ages, finding its way into bread. Caused terrible epidemics,
killing as many as 20 000 people in Russia.
Ergot: Effects of Poisoning; Nervous System ✔Correct Answer-Once it enters the body, ergot
targets the nervous system. Results in symptoms such as mental frenzy, hallucinations and
convulsions.
Ergot: Effects of Poisoning; Cariovascular System ✔Correct Answer-Ergot poisoning can cause
constrictions of blood vessels leading to fingers, toes and limbs becoming starved of their blood
supply.
Ergot: Effects of Poisoning; Reproductive System ✔Correct Answer-Can cause violent contractions
of the uterus.
Some midwives recognized that small amounts of ergot could be useful in hastening labour. Used as
early as the 16th century.
Physicians in the 1800s used ergot to expedite lingering labour. Could result in death.
Ergot: Use as a drug ✔Correct Answer-Ergotamine and ergonovine are the two compounds derived
from ergot with pharmocological uses.
Ergotamine ✔Correct Answer-Is useful in the treatment of migraines.
Ergotamine constricts the blood vessels preventing the pulsation of arterial blood vessels that carry
blood to the head.
Ergonovine ✔Correct Answer-Once used to hasten birth. Force of uterine contractions may be too
strong and parent may be injured by too rapid delivery of the child.
Can be used to arrest uterine bleeding.
,The Influence of Religion ✔Correct Answer-Traditional healers acted as both physicians and
priests. This results in therapy being heavily influenced on both religion and magic.
Plants containing intoxicating substances were used by traditional healers to alter their state of
consciousness and facilitate communication with their gods.
Peyote ✔Correct Answer-A cactus used in Mexico to achieve a mystical state, linked to spiritual
and ritualistic use.
Contains a potent substance mescaline, which causes hallucinations, a feeling of well-being and
distortion of perception, similar to LSD.
Zinc Oxide ✔Correct Answer-Used in ancient times, considered of great importance to therapies.
Found in a number of topical creams such as rash creams and calamine lotion.
Roman Shipping Vessel ✔Correct Answer-Sunk off the coast of Tuscany around 120 BCE. Excavated
in the 1980s and 90s, uncovering ancient roman medical tablets sealed in tin containers.
Analysis of the medical tablets revealed a number of zinc compounds, iron oxide, besswax, pine resin
and other plant derived material.
About 25 % of the drugs used today are... ✔Correct Answer-derived from plant sources, with the
active substances being purified and then modified to be either more effective or less toxic.
Drugs acting on the brain: discovery ✔Correct Answer-Albert Hofmann worked for a Swiss
pharmaceutical firm was involved in trying to synthesize improved pharmaceutical products using
ergot.
Synthesized LSD, similar in structure to ergotamine and ergonovine.
Drugs Acting on the Brain ✔Correct Answer-Alter the normal chemical signalling in the brain.
LSD ✔Correct Answer-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide.
Classified as a controlled substance in the 1970s.
Drugs Acting On the Brain: Contribution to Pharmacology ✔Correct Answer-Discovery of LSD
psychedelic effects supported the idea that certain mental illnesses may be due to the production of
potent substances of the brain that produced distrubance.
Drugs Acting Against Infectious Disease ✔Correct Answer-An infectious disease is any disease
caused by an organism.
1900s Organoarsenicals ✔Correct Answer-Paul Ehrlich: Designed complexes of arsenic and organic
molecules called orsanoarsenicals which selectively bound to parasites.
Applied to other infectious diseases and led to cure for syphilis.
, Syphilis ✔Correct Answer-A bacterial infection transmitted sexually through direct contact with a
syphilis sore. Easy to cure when diagnosed and treated early.
1930s: Sulfa Drugs ✔Correct Answer-Gerhard Domagk introduced sulfa drugs in 1930s Germany.
First synthetic drug used for treatment of bacterial disease.
Now termed antibacterial compounds.
1940s: Penicillin ✔Correct Answer-Alexander Fleming discovered penicilin, the first antibiotic.
Introduction to modern medicine occurred during WWII
Majorly used in gram-positive bacterial disease.
Gram-positive ✔Correct Answer-Bacteria with thick cell walls and no outer membrane.
1950s: Streptomycin ✔Correct Answer-Selman Waksman discovered streptomycin. Helped to treat
Gram-negative bacterial diseases and tuberculosis.
Gram-negative ✔Correct Answer-Bacteria with thin cell walls and an outer membrane.
Drug development process steps ✔Correct Answer-Basic research and drug discovery, preclinical
trials, clinical trials, Health Canada review and manufacturing, post-market surveillance and phase IV
clinical trials
3-6 years ✔Correct Answer-Basic research and drug discovery and preclinical trials
6-7 years ✔Correct Answer-Clinical trials
-Phase 1: 10s of patients enrolled in study.
-Phase 2: 100s of patients
-Phase 3: 1000s of patients
0.5-2 years ✔Correct Answer-Health Canada Review and Manufacturing
Continuous ✔Correct Answer-Post-market surveillance and phase IV clinical drug trials.
Drug Discovery: Basic Research and Discovery of Target
Step 1: Identification of the Target ✔Correct Answer-A target for a new potential drug could be a
receptor that causes pain relief when activated.
When a compound that binds well to the target is found, it an then be studied to determine its
pharmacological effects.
Drug Discovery: Basic Research and Discovery of Target
Step 2: Studying the Target ✔Correct Answer-Lead compounds are compounds that show promise
in the initial studies.
Enter more detailed studies for safety and efficacy.
VERIFIED ANSWERS|ACTUAL COMPLETE EXAM|
ALREADY GRADED A+|2025 LATEST VERSION
Drugs ✔Correct Answer-Any substance received by a.biological system that is not received for
nutritive purposes and which influences the biological function of the organism. Means that
chemicals, biological agents and herbal products are all drugs.
When were the majority of clinically useful drugs developed? ✔Correct Answer-Over the past 250
years.
Pharmaology ✔Correct Answer-The science of drugs, including their uses, effects and mechanisms
of action.
Key historical influences that have shaped modern pharmacology ✔Correct Answer-The many
discoveries made by ancient civilizations
The role of poisons in history.
The influence of religion.
Ancient Civilizations ✔Correct Answer-Healers existed in a number of ancient cultures including
Ancient Greece, Ancient Egypt and Ancient China.
Ancient Greece: Threophastus ✔Correct Answer-Threophrastus, a pupil of Aristotle wrote a
textbook on therapeutics that included opium.
Opium is obtained from the opium poppy.
Ancient Greece: Serturner ✔Correct Answer-A pharmacist working in Germany in 1803. Isolated
crystals of morphine in opium and tested the pure substance. Discovered it could relieve pain.
What does opium contain ✔Correct Answer-Morphine, codeine
Morphine ✔Correct Answer-Opium contains approximately 10% morphine. Coined from
Morpheus.
Codeine ✔Correct Answer-Contains 0.5% codeine.
Ancient Egypt ✔Correct Answer-recorded on documents called papyri.
q
Ebers papyrus ✔Correct Answer-1550 BCE: Intended to be a textbook of drug use for medical
students.
The papyrus contained mainy true observations on the use of drugs, especially purgatives.
,Senna- still used today
Ancient China ✔Correct Answer-Earliest recorded drug experiments come from China in the year
2700 BCE. Shen Nung used to classify drugs according to taste.
Ma Huang was classified as a medium drug. Widely used for coughs, influenza and fevers.
Ephedrine has been isolated from Ma Huang. Used to treat asthma. Can be used as a decongestant.
Poisons: Curare ✔Correct Answer-Plant-derived drug. Historically used by indigenous people in
regions of the Amazon.
Curare: Use of a poison ✔Correct Answer-Indigenous peoples of the Amazon dipped their arrows
in curare for hunting. Acted upon voluntary muscles causing paralysis.
Curare: Use as a drug ✔Correct Answer-Used by Indigenous People inspired allopathic medicine.
Eventually used by anesthetics during surgery. Small doses could relieve muscles. The structure has
since been modified to make it safer.
Ergot ✔Correct Answer-A poisonous fungus that grows on the heads of rye.
Ground together with rye in the middle ages, finding its way into bread. Caused terrible epidemics,
killing as many as 20 000 people in Russia.
Ergot: Effects of Poisoning; Nervous System ✔Correct Answer-Once it enters the body, ergot
targets the nervous system. Results in symptoms such as mental frenzy, hallucinations and
convulsions.
Ergot: Effects of Poisoning; Cariovascular System ✔Correct Answer-Ergot poisoning can cause
constrictions of blood vessels leading to fingers, toes and limbs becoming starved of their blood
supply.
Ergot: Effects of Poisoning; Reproductive System ✔Correct Answer-Can cause violent contractions
of the uterus.
Some midwives recognized that small amounts of ergot could be useful in hastening labour. Used as
early as the 16th century.
Physicians in the 1800s used ergot to expedite lingering labour. Could result in death.
Ergot: Use as a drug ✔Correct Answer-Ergotamine and ergonovine are the two compounds derived
from ergot with pharmocological uses.
Ergotamine ✔Correct Answer-Is useful in the treatment of migraines.
Ergotamine constricts the blood vessels preventing the pulsation of arterial blood vessels that carry
blood to the head.
Ergonovine ✔Correct Answer-Once used to hasten birth. Force of uterine contractions may be too
strong and parent may be injured by too rapid delivery of the child.
Can be used to arrest uterine bleeding.
,The Influence of Religion ✔Correct Answer-Traditional healers acted as both physicians and
priests. This results in therapy being heavily influenced on both religion and magic.
Plants containing intoxicating substances were used by traditional healers to alter their state of
consciousness and facilitate communication with their gods.
Peyote ✔Correct Answer-A cactus used in Mexico to achieve a mystical state, linked to spiritual
and ritualistic use.
Contains a potent substance mescaline, which causes hallucinations, a feeling of well-being and
distortion of perception, similar to LSD.
Zinc Oxide ✔Correct Answer-Used in ancient times, considered of great importance to therapies.
Found in a number of topical creams such as rash creams and calamine lotion.
Roman Shipping Vessel ✔Correct Answer-Sunk off the coast of Tuscany around 120 BCE. Excavated
in the 1980s and 90s, uncovering ancient roman medical tablets sealed in tin containers.
Analysis of the medical tablets revealed a number of zinc compounds, iron oxide, besswax, pine resin
and other plant derived material.
About 25 % of the drugs used today are... ✔Correct Answer-derived from plant sources, with the
active substances being purified and then modified to be either more effective or less toxic.
Drugs acting on the brain: discovery ✔Correct Answer-Albert Hofmann worked for a Swiss
pharmaceutical firm was involved in trying to synthesize improved pharmaceutical products using
ergot.
Synthesized LSD, similar in structure to ergotamine and ergonovine.
Drugs Acting on the Brain ✔Correct Answer-Alter the normal chemical signalling in the brain.
LSD ✔Correct Answer-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide.
Classified as a controlled substance in the 1970s.
Drugs Acting On the Brain: Contribution to Pharmacology ✔Correct Answer-Discovery of LSD
psychedelic effects supported the idea that certain mental illnesses may be due to the production of
potent substances of the brain that produced distrubance.
Drugs Acting Against Infectious Disease ✔Correct Answer-An infectious disease is any disease
caused by an organism.
1900s Organoarsenicals ✔Correct Answer-Paul Ehrlich: Designed complexes of arsenic and organic
molecules called orsanoarsenicals which selectively bound to parasites.
Applied to other infectious diseases and led to cure for syphilis.
, Syphilis ✔Correct Answer-A bacterial infection transmitted sexually through direct contact with a
syphilis sore. Easy to cure when diagnosed and treated early.
1930s: Sulfa Drugs ✔Correct Answer-Gerhard Domagk introduced sulfa drugs in 1930s Germany.
First synthetic drug used for treatment of bacterial disease.
Now termed antibacterial compounds.
1940s: Penicillin ✔Correct Answer-Alexander Fleming discovered penicilin, the first antibiotic.
Introduction to modern medicine occurred during WWII
Majorly used in gram-positive bacterial disease.
Gram-positive ✔Correct Answer-Bacteria with thick cell walls and no outer membrane.
1950s: Streptomycin ✔Correct Answer-Selman Waksman discovered streptomycin. Helped to treat
Gram-negative bacterial diseases and tuberculosis.
Gram-negative ✔Correct Answer-Bacteria with thin cell walls and an outer membrane.
Drug development process steps ✔Correct Answer-Basic research and drug discovery, preclinical
trials, clinical trials, Health Canada review and manufacturing, post-market surveillance and phase IV
clinical trials
3-6 years ✔Correct Answer-Basic research and drug discovery and preclinical trials
6-7 years ✔Correct Answer-Clinical trials
-Phase 1: 10s of patients enrolled in study.
-Phase 2: 100s of patients
-Phase 3: 1000s of patients
0.5-2 years ✔Correct Answer-Health Canada Review and Manufacturing
Continuous ✔Correct Answer-Post-market surveillance and phase IV clinical drug trials.
Drug Discovery: Basic Research and Discovery of Target
Step 1: Identification of the Target ✔Correct Answer-A target for a new potential drug could be a
receptor that causes pain relief when activated.
When a compound that binds well to the target is found, it an then be studied to determine its
pharmacological effects.
Drug Discovery: Basic Research and Discovery of Target
Step 2: Studying the Target ✔Correct Answer-Lead compounds are compounds that show promise
in the initial studies.
Enter more detailed studies for safety and efficacy.
