Pathophysiology Exam 1 Rasmussen
University Questions With Correct
Answers
Stages of general adaptation syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-1. Alarm
| | | | | | | |
Initial reaction
| |
Sympathetic nervous system | | |
2. Resistance
| |
Adaptation |
Limit stressor
| |
3. Exhaustion
| |
Adaptation failing | |
Disease develops |
Edema - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Excess fluid in the interstitial space
| | | | | | | |
Dehydration (ECF volume deficit) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Can occur
| | | | | | | |
independently without electrolyte defects | | | |
Decrease in fluid level leads to increase in level of blood solutes
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Cell shrinkage
| |
Hypotension
Hypovolemia or fluid volume deficit - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Decreased fluid in
| | | | | | | | | |
the intravascular space
| |
,Hypotonic Hydration - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-(fluid overload)
| | | | |
Causes of Fluid Deficit - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Inadequate fluid intake
| | | | | | | | |
Poor oral intake
| | |
Inadequate IV fluid replacement | | | |
Excessive fluid or sodium losses:
| | | |
Gastrointestinal losses Excessive diaphoresis Prolonged hyperventilation
| | | | | |
Hemorrhage Nephrosis Diabetes mellitus Diabetes insipidus Burns Open wounds
| | | | | | | | |
Ascites Effusions Excessive use of diuretics Osmotic diuresis
| | | | | | |
Deydration Manisfestations - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-thirst, altered level of
| | | | | | | |
consciousness, hypotension, tachycardia, weak and thready pulse, flat jugular
| | | | | | | | |
veins, dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, oliguria, weight loss, and
| | | | | | | | | | |
sunken fontanelles
|
Cancer Benign - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Slow, progressive, localized, well defined,
| | | | | | | | |
resembles host (more differentiated), grows by expansion, does not usually cause
| | | | | | | | | |
death
|
Cancer Malignant - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Rapid growing, spreads (metastasis)
| | | | | | | |
quickly, fatal, highly undifferentiated
| | |
Sodium - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Normal range: 135-145 mEq/L.
| | | | | | |
• Most significant cation and prevalent electrolyte of extracellular fluid.
| | | | | | | | | |
• Controls serum osmolality and water balance. Plays a role in acid-base balance.
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
• Facilitates muscles and nerve impulses.
| | | | | |
• Main source is dietary intake.
| | | | | |
,• Excreted through the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract.
| | | | | | |
Hypernatremia - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Sodium > 145 mEq/L | | | | | | |
Serum osmolarity increases
| | |
• Results in fluid shifts
| | | |
Causes of Hypernatremia - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Excessive sodium ingestion
| | | | | | | |
Hypertonic IV saline (3% saline) administration
| | | | | |
Cushing's syndrome | |
Corticosteroid use |
Diarrhea |
Excessive sweating | |
Prolonged episode of hyperventilation| | | |
Diuretic use Diabetes insipidus
| | |
Decreased water ingestion | | |
Loss of thirst sensation
| | | |
Inability to drink water | | | |
Third spacing
| |
Vomiting
Hypernatremia Manifestations: - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-increased temperature,
| | | | | |
warm and flushed skin, dry and sticky mucous membranes, dysphagia, increased
| | | | | | | | | | |
thirst, irritability, agitation, weakness, headache, seizures, lethargy, coma, blood
| | | | | | | | |
pressure changes, tachycardia, weak and thready pulse, edema, and decreased
| | | | | | | | | |
urine output
|
Hyponatremia - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Sodium < 135 mEq/L | | | | | | |
Serum osmolarity decreases
| |
, Causes of Hyponatremia - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Deficient sodium
| | | | | | |
Diuretic use | |
Gastrointestinal losses | |
Excessive sweating | |
Insufficient aldosterone levels | | |
Adrenal insufficiency | |
Dietary sodium restrictions
| |
Excessive water | |
Hypotonic intravenous saline (0.45% saline) Hyperglycemia
| | | | | |
Excessive water ingestion | | |
Renal failure
| |
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone Heart failure
| | | | | |
Hyponatremia Manifestations: - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-anorexia, gastrointestinal
| | | | |
upset, poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, blood pressure changes, pulse
| | | | | | | | | | | |
changes, edema, headache, lethargy, confusion, diminished deep tendon
| | | | | | | |
reflexes, muscle weakness seizures, and coma
| | | | |
Hyponatremia Treatment: - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-limit fluids and increase
| | | | | | | |
dietary sodium |
Chloride - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Normal range: 98-108 mEq/L
| | | | | | |
Mineral electrolyte | |
Major extracellular anion
| | |
Found in gastric secretions, pancreatic juices, bile, and cerebrospinal fluid
| | | | | | | | | |
Plays a role in acid-base balance
| | | | | |
Main source is dietary intake
| | | | |
Excreted through the kidneys | | |
University Questions With Correct
Answers
Stages of general adaptation syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-1. Alarm
| | | | | | | |
Initial reaction
| |
Sympathetic nervous system | | |
2. Resistance
| |
Adaptation |
Limit stressor
| |
3. Exhaustion
| |
Adaptation failing | |
Disease develops |
Edema - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Excess fluid in the interstitial space
| | | | | | | |
Dehydration (ECF volume deficit) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Can occur
| | | | | | | |
independently without electrolyte defects | | | |
Decrease in fluid level leads to increase in level of blood solutes
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Cell shrinkage
| |
Hypotension
Hypovolemia or fluid volume deficit - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Decreased fluid in
| | | | | | | | | |
the intravascular space
| |
,Hypotonic Hydration - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-(fluid overload)
| | | | |
Causes of Fluid Deficit - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Inadequate fluid intake
| | | | | | | | |
Poor oral intake
| | |
Inadequate IV fluid replacement | | | |
Excessive fluid or sodium losses:
| | | |
Gastrointestinal losses Excessive diaphoresis Prolonged hyperventilation
| | | | | |
Hemorrhage Nephrosis Diabetes mellitus Diabetes insipidus Burns Open wounds
| | | | | | | | |
Ascites Effusions Excessive use of diuretics Osmotic diuresis
| | | | | | |
Deydration Manisfestations - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-thirst, altered level of
| | | | | | | |
consciousness, hypotension, tachycardia, weak and thready pulse, flat jugular
| | | | | | | | |
veins, dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, oliguria, weight loss, and
| | | | | | | | | | |
sunken fontanelles
|
Cancer Benign - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Slow, progressive, localized, well defined,
| | | | | | | | |
resembles host (more differentiated), grows by expansion, does not usually cause
| | | | | | | | | |
death
|
Cancer Malignant - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Rapid growing, spreads (metastasis)
| | | | | | | |
quickly, fatal, highly undifferentiated
| | |
Sodium - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Normal range: 135-145 mEq/L.
| | | | | | |
• Most significant cation and prevalent electrolyte of extracellular fluid.
| | | | | | | | | |
• Controls serum osmolality and water balance. Plays a role in acid-base balance.
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
• Facilitates muscles and nerve impulses.
| | | | | |
• Main source is dietary intake.
| | | | | |
,• Excreted through the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract.
| | | | | | |
Hypernatremia - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Sodium > 145 mEq/L | | | | | | |
Serum osmolarity increases
| | |
• Results in fluid shifts
| | | |
Causes of Hypernatremia - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Excessive sodium ingestion
| | | | | | | |
Hypertonic IV saline (3% saline) administration
| | | | | |
Cushing's syndrome | |
Corticosteroid use |
Diarrhea |
Excessive sweating | |
Prolonged episode of hyperventilation| | | |
Diuretic use Diabetes insipidus
| | |
Decreased water ingestion | | |
Loss of thirst sensation
| | | |
Inability to drink water | | | |
Third spacing
| |
Vomiting
Hypernatremia Manifestations: - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-increased temperature,
| | | | | |
warm and flushed skin, dry and sticky mucous membranes, dysphagia, increased
| | | | | | | | | | |
thirst, irritability, agitation, weakness, headache, seizures, lethargy, coma, blood
| | | | | | | | |
pressure changes, tachycardia, weak and thready pulse, edema, and decreased
| | | | | | | | | |
urine output
|
Hyponatremia - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Sodium < 135 mEq/L | | | | | | |
Serum osmolarity decreases
| |
, Causes of Hyponatremia - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Deficient sodium
| | | | | | |
Diuretic use | |
Gastrointestinal losses | |
Excessive sweating | |
Insufficient aldosterone levels | | |
Adrenal insufficiency | |
Dietary sodium restrictions
| |
Excessive water | |
Hypotonic intravenous saline (0.45% saline) Hyperglycemia
| | | | | |
Excessive water ingestion | | |
Renal failure
| |
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone Heart failure
| | | | | |
Hyponatremia Manifestations: - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-anorexia, gastrointestinal
| | | | |
upset, poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, blood pressure changes, pulse
| | | | | | | | | | | |
changes, edema, headache, lethargy, confusion, diminished deep tendon
| | | | | | | |
reflexes, muscle weakness seizures, and coma
| | | | |
Hyponatremia Treatment: - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-limit fluids and increase
| | | | | | | |
dietary sodium |
Chloride - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Normal range: 98-108 mEq/L
| | | | | | |
Mineral electrolyte | |
Major extracellular anion
| | |
Found in gastric secretions, pancreatic juices, bile, and cerebrospinal fluid
| | | | | | | | | |
Plays a role in acid-base balance
| | | | | |
Main source is dietary intake
| | | | |
Excreted through the kidneys | | |
