Urinary system Procedures Complete Questions and Correct Answers Brand New Version 2025

What does the urinary system consist of - - -two kidneys -two ureters -one urinary bladder -one urethra What space do the two kidneys and the ureters lie in - -the retroperitoneal space Which kidney is generally slightly lower or more inferior - -the right is lower than the left because of the presence of the liver What gland is superior and medial to each kidney - -suprarenal (adrenal) gland -endocrine system glands are located in the fatty capsule that surrounds the kidneys What is each kidney connected to the urinary bladder by - -its own ureter What is the function of the ureters - -waste material in the form of urine travels from the kidneys to the bladder via the two narrow tubes termed ureters What is the function of the urinary bladder - -serves as a reservoir that stores urine until it can be eliminated from the body via the urethra What is the location of the kidneys - --posteriorly placed kidneys -lie in the upper posterior abdomen on either side of the vertebral column How is the right kidney positioned - -positioned posterior to the lower portion of the liver How is the left kidney positioned - -positioned posterior to the inferior border of the spleen What forms a protective enclosure for the kidneys - -the lower rib cage The ureters follow the natural curve of what - -the vertebral column -curves anteriorly following the lumbar lordotic curvature and then curves posteriorly on entering the pelvis What does the urethra connect - -connects the bladder to the exterior Urinary System Urinary System Urinary System Where does the urethra exit from the body - -exits from the body inferior to the symphysis pubis The entire urinary system is posterior to or below the what - -the peritoneum What structures are retroperitoneal - --kidneys -ureters What structures are intraperitoneal structures - --bladder -urethra 30 degree RPO positions the kidney where - -the left kidney parallel 30 degrees LPO positions the kidney where - -the right kidney parallel Where do the kidneys lie - -midway between the xiphoid process and the iliac crest The left kidney normally lays about how many cm more superior than the right one - 1cm higher The top of the left kidney is usually at the level - -T11-T12 The bottom of the right kidney is most often at the level of - -L3 What is kidney movement - --because the kidneys are only loosely attached within their fatty capsule, they tend to move up and down with movement of the diaphragm and position changes What happens to the kidneys when are person inhales deeply - -the kidneys normally down about 1 inch What happens to the kidneys when a person stands upright - -the kidneys normally drop about 1 lumabr vertebrae or 2 inches What is nephroptosis - -when the kidneys drop farther than 1-2 inches What is the primary function of the urinary system - -production of urine and its elimination from the body What are the functions of the kidneys during urine production - --remove nitrogenous wastes -regulate water levels in the body -regulate acid base balance and electrolyte levels in the blood Urinary System Urinary System What is uremia - -when nitrogenous waste products such as urea and creatinine buildup in the blood Arterial blood is received by the kidneys directly from - -the abdominal aorta via the left and right renal arteries The renal veins connect directly to the - -inferior vena cava to return the blood to the right side of the heart What is the hilum of the kidney - -along the medial border of each kidney is a centrally located longitudinal fissure -serves to transmit the renal artery, renal vein, and nerves What is the average water intake for humans during a 24 hour period - -2.5 L Water comes from injested liquids, foods, and end products of metabolism How much urine is formed each day - -1.5 L What is the outercovering of the kidney - -renal (fibrous) capsule What is the structural unit of the kidney - -nephron The renal pelvis leaves each kidney at what point to become the ureter - -hilum What are the three constricted points along each ureter - --ureteropelvic (UP) junction -brim of the pelvis -ureterovesical junction (UV) Ureteropelvic junction 1 - -the renal pelvis funnels down into the small ureter Brim of the pelvis 2 - -where the iliac blood vessels cross over the ureters Ureterovesical junction 3 - -where the ureter joints the bladder -most kidney stores hang up here What is the urinary bladder - --musculomembranous sac that serves as a reservior for urine What is the triogone of the bladder formed by - --enterance of the two ureters from behind and the exit site of the urethra What is the triogone firmly attached to - -the floor of the pelvis What is venipuncture - -the percutaneous puncture of a vein for withdrawl or blood or injection of a solution Urinary System Urinary System What are the two types of ways contrast media can be administered - -bolus injection Drip infusion Bolus injection - -the entire dose of contrast medium is injected into the venous system at one time -maximum contrast enhancement What is the rate of the bolus injection controlled by - --gauge of needle or connecting tubing -amount of contrast media injected -viscosity of the contrast -stability of vein -force applied by injection What is the preferred site for veinipuncture - -antecubital site The kidneys are ureters are located in what space - -retroperitoneal space What glands are located directly superior to the kidneys - -suprarenal adrenal glands What structures create a 20 degree angle between the upper and lower poles of the kidneys - -psoas muscles What is the name for the mass of fat that surrounds each kidney - -perirenal fat or adipose capsule What degree of rotation is required to place the kidneys parallel to the IR - -30 degrees Which two landmarks can be palpated to locate the kidneys - -xiphoid process and iliac crest What is the term that describes an abnormal drop of the kidneys when the patient is placed erect - -nephroptosis What are the three functions of the urinary system - --remove nitrogenous waste -regulate water levels -regulate acid-base balance A buildup of nitrogenous waste in the blood is called - -uremia The longitudinal fissure found along the central medial border of the kidney is called the - -hilum The peripheral or outer portion of the kidney is called the - -cortex Urinary System The term that describes the total functioning portion of the kidney is - -renal parenchyma The functional and structural unit of the kidney is the - -nephron Where do the efferent arterioles carry blood - -carry blood away from the glomeruli Where do the afferent arteiroles carry blood - -to the glomeruli Where are the glomerular capsule and proximal and distal convuoluted tubules located - -in the cortex What structure of the medulla is made up of a collection of tubules that drains into the minor calyx - -renal pyramids Where is the loop of henele located - -in the medulla Where is the distal convoluted tubule located - -in the cortex Where is the afferent arteriole located - -in the cortex Where is the efferent arteriole located - -in the cortex Where is the glomerular capsule located - -in the cortex Where is the proximal convoluted tubule located - -in the cortex Where is the descending limb located - -in the medulla Where is the ascending limb located - -in the medulla Where is the collecting tubule located - -in the medulla Which two processes move urine through the ureters to the bladder - --peristalsis -gravity What is the junction found between the distal ureters and urinary bladder - ureterovesical junction What is the name of the inner, posterior region of the bladder formed by the two ureters entering and the urethra exiting - -trigone What is the name of the small gland found just inferior to the male bladder - -prostate gland Urinary System Urinary System Urinary System The total capacity for the average adult bladder is - -300-500 ml What is the most posterior structure - -kidneys Intravenous contrast media may be administerd by either - --bolus injection -drip injection For most ivp veins in the ___ are recommended for venipuncture - -anteubital fossa What is the most common size of needle used for bolus injection on adults - -18-22 gauge What is the order for the venipuncture steps - --wash hands and put on gloves -select site -apply turniquete and cleanse the site -initiate puncture -confirm entry and source needle -prepare and proceed with injection -remove needle of catheter Where does the bevel of the needle need to be facing during actual puncture into vein - -facing upward Ionic contrast media - - Non ionic contrast media - - An expected outcome to the introduction of contrast media is described as - -side effect The normal creatinine level for an adult should range between - -0.6 to 1.5 mg/dl Normal BUN levels for an adult should range between - -8 to 25 mg/100ml A metformin hydrochloride is a drug that is taken for the management of - -diabetes mellitus Metformin should be withelf for how many hours after a contrast medium procedure - 48 hours The leakage of contrast media from a vessel into the surrounding soft tissue is called - extravasation (infiltration) What are the two general categories of contrast media