NUR504 Exam 2
What is pulmonary edema? - answer Fluid buildup in the alveoli in the lungs and causes
edema
What is pleural effusion? - answer Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
What is included in the upper respiratory system? - answer Nares, sinuses, turbinates,
pharynx and larynx
What is included in the lower respiratory system? – answer Trachea,
bronchi/bronchioles, and alveoli/alveolar ducts
Describe the air pathway in the body - answerAir enters upper airway->alveoli->alveolar
capillaries-> pulmonary vein-> L side of heart-> body tissues
Describe the oxygenation dissociation curve - answer Determines the amount of oxygen
released from Hgb
Left shift- Tissues need less O2
Right shift- Release of O2 quickly to tissues
Bronchial lung sounds - answerI<E
Bronchvesicular breath sounds - answerI=E
vesicular lung sounds - answerI>E
What are some s/s of pleural effusion? - answerDyspnea, tachypnea, decreased O2,
tachy, pain, CP, cough, orthopnea
Also increased risk for infection
What is used to diagnose pleural effusion? - answerCXR, CT scan, US of chest
What is the treatment for pleural effusion? - answerDepends on underlying cause
-Thoracentesis, chest tubes
What are the 2 types of pleural effusions? - answer1. Transudative- fluid filters across
intact capillaries
2. Exudative- extravasation (pus)--usually includes an empyema
What is an empyema? - answerPus in the pleural space (pleural effusion)
-Caused by bacteria (pneumonia), tumor, drug use, surgery/trauma
, True or False: Pulmonary edema is a life-threatening event. - answerTrue
What are some causes for pulm edema? - answerHeart failure, MI, mitral valve dz
What are some s/s of pulmonary edema? - answerCrackles, dyspnea at rest, confusion,
tachy, decreased U/O, Cough with frothy pink sputum, Dysrhythmias
What are some nursing considerations for pulm edema? - answerHigh Fowler's if not
hypotensive, provide O2
What is the treatment for pulm edema? - answerDiuretics, morphine, bronchodilators
-Nitro if BP is >100mmHg
-If severe, ultrafiltration
What is a pneumothorax? - answerAccumulation of air in the pleural space
Decribe the 2 types of pneumothorax - answer1. Spontaneous- Sudden onset of air in
pleural space (results in deflation of the affected lung)
2. Tension- Gradual buildup of air under pressure (results in decreased filling of both the
heart and lungs)
What are the S/S of a pneumothorax? - answerModerate to sever dyspnea
Severe chest discomfort, CP
Diminished breath sounds on affected side
Asymmetric lung expansion
Tracheal deviation to unaffected side
Air hunger
Agitation, hypotension, cyanosis
How is a pneumothorax diagnosed? - answerCXR
What is the treatment for pneumothorax? - answerNeedle aspiration (immediately for
tensions pneumo)
Chest tube placement
Pleurodesis/ thoracotomy
How is placement of a chest tube determined? - answerIf from air-> placed high
If from fluid-> placed low
What should you do if a patient reports "burning" in chest with a chest tube? -
answerReposition them
Describe the 3 types of BiPAP - answer1. CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure)-
delivers a set pressure through inspiration and expiration
2. Volume-limited/flow-limited- Delivers a set tidal volume with inspiration
What is pulmonary edema? - answer Fluid buildup in the alveoli in the lungs and causes
edema
What is pleural effusion? - answer Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
What is included in the upper respiratory system? - answer Nares, sinuses, turbinates,
pharynx and larynx
What is included in the lower respiratory system? – answer Trachea,
bronchi/bronchioles, and alveoli/alveolar ducts
Describe the air pathway in the body - answerAir enters upper airway->alveoli->alveolar
capillaries-> pulmonary vein-> L side of heart-> body tissues
Describe the oxygenation dissociation curve - answer Determines the amount of oxygen
released from Hgb
Left shift- Tissues need less O2
Right shift- Release of O2 quickly to tissues
Bronchial lung sounds - answerI<E
Bronchvesicular breath sounds - answerI=E
vesicular lung sounds - answerI>E
What are some s/s of pleural effusion? - answerDyspnea, tachypnea, decreased O2,
tachy, pain, CP, cough, orthopnea
Also increased risk for infection
What is used to diagnose pleural effusion? - answerCXR, CT scan, US of chest
What is the treatment for pleural effusion? - answerDepends on underlying cause
-Thoracentesis, chest tubes
What are the 2 types of pleural effusions? - answer1. Transudative- fluid filters across
intact capillaries
2. Exudative- extravasation (pus)--usually includes an empyema
What is an empyema? - answerPus in the pleural space (pleural effusion)
-Caused by bacteria (pneumonia), tumor, drug use, surgery/trauma
, True or False: Pulmonary edema is a life-threatening event. - answerTrue
What are some causes for pulm edema? - answerHeart failure, MI, mitral valve dz
What are some s/s of pulmonary edema? - answerCrackles, dyspnea at rest, confusion,
tachy, decreased U/O, Cough with frothy pink sputum, Dysrhythmias
What are some nursing considerations for pulm edema? - answerHigh Fowler's if not
hypotensive, provide O2
What is the treatment for pulm edema? - answerDiuretics, morphine, bronchodilators
-Nitro if BP is >100mmHg
-If severe, ultrafiltration
What is a pneumothorax? - answerAccumulation of air in the pleural space
Decribe the 2 types of pneumothorax - answer1. Spontaneous- Sudden onset of air in
pleural space (results in deflation of the affected lung)
2. Tension- Gradual buildup of air under pressure (results in decreased filling of both the
heart and lungs)
What are the S/S of a pneumothorax? - answerModerate to sever dyspnea
Severe chest discomfort, CP
Diminished breath sounds on affected side
Asymmetric lung expansion
Tracheal deviation to unaffected side
Air hunger
Agitation, hypotension, cyanosis
How is a pneumothorax diagnosed? - answerCXR
What is the treatment for pneumothorax? - answerNeedle aspiration (immediately for
tensions pneumo)
Chest tube placement
Pleurodesis/ thoracotomy
How is placement of a chest tube determined? - answerIf from air-> placed high
If from fluid-> placed low
What should you do if a patient reports "burning" in chest with a chest tube? -
answerReposition them
Describe the 3 types of BiPAP - answer1. CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure)-
delivers a set pressure through inspiration and expiration
2. Volume-limited/flow-limited- Delivers a set tidal volume with inspiration
