MMSC438 Exam 2 (2025) comprehensive questions
and verified detailed solutions (MULTIPLE CHOICES)
|complete solutions |A+ GRADED |100% CORRECT!!
URT normal biota - (ANSWER)lots of normal biota, particularly in the mouth
-viridans strep
-nonhemolytic strep
-anaerobes
-CoNS
-diphtheroids
-micrococcus
-candida (yeast)
LRT normal biota - (ANSWER)there is no actual normal biota present
-sputum is a common sample that is used, and has to pass through the mouth
where it will become contaminated with normal biota
-something is only considered a pathogen if it is in greater concentration than a
normal biota organism
respiratory tract defense mechanisms - (ANSWER)-competitive inhibition: normal
flora of the URT and mouth prevent pathogens from establishing themselves
-musociliary elevator: ciliated epithelial cells in the URT help push up any
pathogens that enter, and remove them by coughing or sneezing
-immune response: alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, antibodies and
complement kill pathogens in the respiratory tract
,LRT mandatory reporting - (ANSWER)if isolated in ANY quantity, report
-strep pyogenes
-legionella
-mycobacteria
-viruses
-agents of bioterrorism
respiratory bacteria defense mechanisms - (ANSWER)-evasion of host defenses:
avoiding phagocytosis, surviving inside of phagocytes, inactivating complement,
forming biofilms
-adhesion to host respiratory cells: prevents bacteria from being expelled by
coughing and sneezing, allows infection to be established
-toxin production: diphtheria and pertussis are mediated by toxins that lead to
systemic symptoms
transmission of respiratory infections - (ANSWER)bacteria of the respiratory tract
are highly contagious and spread quickly
-person to person: airborne droplets are released through coughing and sneezing,
seasonal variations (e.g. flu season) may cause increase in a particular pathogen
-aspiration of endogenous biota: normal biota of the mouth can be aspirated and
establish an infection
-trauma: puncture of a lung can lead to infiltration of bacteria into the lung
,-environment/ animals: pathogens can originate from animals (e.g. avian flu,
swine flu), certain locations can have higher incidence of certain pathogens
-fomites: surfaces that have been touched by infected material can transmit the
pathogen to another individual
colonizer - (ANSWER)a bacteria that is present in too small of a quantity to cause
disease, and therefore is not considered a pathogen
-DOES NOT CAUSE DISEASE
-if the numbers of the organism increased it could be a pathogen
pathogen - (ANSWER)bacteria that are considered significant when isolated
because they are in high enough numbers to be causing disease
normal biota - (ANSWER)bacteria that is always present in a specific site and is
not harmful to an immunocompetent host as long as it stays in that site
clinical significance of respiratory isolates - (ANSWER)if a bacteria is present in
greater quantity than the normal biota, it is considered significant
specific respiratory specimens - (ANSWER)-oral candidiasis (thrush): swab of
buccal (cheek) mucosa, tongue or nasopharynx
-diphtheria: nasopharyngeal or throat swab
-epiglottitis: blood culture (systemic symptoms are usually seen indicating that
bacteria has reached the blood)
, -pertussis: posterior nasopharynx swab
-MRSA screening: swab of nares to assess for carriage
oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swab - (ANSWER)dracon or rayon swabs are
used in the mouth and nose to collect URT pathogens
-wooden sticks and calcium alginate are not used because they inhibit viruses and
molecular testing
nasopharyngeal swab wash and aspiration - (ANSWER)saline fluid is injected into
the nasopharynx and aspirated back out, fluid is obtained that contains URT
specimens and is cultured
sinus puncture and aspiration - (ANSWER)needle aspiration of fluid out of the
sinuses (URT) to culture for sinus infection
-can be used for anaerobic culture
expectorated sputum - (ANSWER)noninvasive collection of LRT sputum that
passes through the mouth
-gets contaminated with normal biota in the mouth
-common specimen
-first morning sputum is most concentrated
and verified detailed solutions (MULTIPLE CHOICES)
|complete solutions |A+ GRADED |100% CORRECT!!
URT normal biota - (ANSWER)lots of normal biota, particularly in the mouth
-viridans strep
-nonhemolytic strep
-anaerobes
-CoNS
-diphtheroids
-micrococcus
-candida (yeast)
LRT normal biota - (ANSWER)there is no actual normal biota present
-sputum is a common sample that is used, and has to pass through the mouth
where it will become contaminated with normal biota
-something is only considered a pathogen if it is in greater concentration than a
normal biota organism
respiratory tract defense mechanisms - (ANSWER)-competitive inhibition: normal
flora of the URT and mouth prevent pathogens from establishing themselves
-musociliary elevator: ciliated epithelial cells in the URT help push up any
pathogens that enter, and remove them by coughing or sneezing
-immune response: alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, antibodies and
complement kill pathogens in the respiratory tract
,LRT mandatory reporting - (ANSWER)if isolated in ANY quantity, report
-strep pyogenes
-legionella
-mycobacteria
-viruses
-agents of bioterrorism
respiratory bacteria defense mechanisms - (ANSWER)-evasion of host defenses:
avoiding phagocytosis, surviving inside of phagocytes, inactivating complement,
forming biofilms
-adhesion to host respiratory cells: prevents bacteria from being expelled by
coughing and sneezing, allows infection to be established
-toxin production: diphtheria and pertussis are mediated by toxins that lead to
systemic symptoms
transmission of respiratory infections - (ANSWER)bacteria of the respiratory tract
are highly contagious and spread quickly
-person to person: airborne droplets are released through coughing and sneezing,
seasonal variations (e.g. flu season) may cause increase in a particular pathogen
-aspiration of endogenous biota: normal biota of the mouth can be aspirated and
establish an infection
-trauma: puncture of a lung can lead to infiltration of bacteria into the lung
,-environment/ animals: pathogens can originate from animals (e.g. avian flu,
swine flu), certain locations can have higher incidence of certain pathogens
-fomites: surfaces that have been touched by infected material can transmit the
pathogen to another individual
colonizer - (ANSWER)a bacteria that is present in too small of a quantity to cause
disease, and therefore is not considered a pathogen
-DOES NOT CAUSE DISEASE
-if the numbers of the organism increased it could be a pathogen
pathogen - (ANSWER)bacteria that are considered significant when isolated
because they are in high enough numbers to be causing disease
normal biota - (ANSWER)bacteria that is always present in a specific site and is
not harmful to an immunocompetent host as long as it stays in that site
clinical significance of respiratory isolates - (ANSWER)if a bacteria is present in
greater quantity than the normal biota, it is considered significant
specific respiratory specimens - (ANSWER)-oral candidiasis (thrush): swab of
buccal (cheek) mucosa, tongue or nasopharynx
-diphtheria: nasopharyngeal or throat swab
-epiglottitis: blood culture (systemic symptoms are usually seen indicating that
bacteria has reached the blood)
, -pertussis: posterior nasopharynx swab
-MRSA screening: swab of nares to assess for carriage
oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swab - (ANSWER)dracon or rayon swabs are
used in the mouth and nose to collect URT pathogens
-wooden sticks and calcium alginate are not used because they inhibit viruses and
molecular testing
nasopharyngeal swab wash and aspiration - (ANSWER)saline fluid is injected into
the nasopharynx and aspirated back out, fluid is obtained that contains URT
specimens and is cultured
sinus puncture and aspiration - (ANSWER)needle aspiration of fluid out of the
sinuses (URT) to culture for sinus infection
-can be used for anaerobic culture
expectorated sputum - (ANSWER)noninvasive collection of LRT sputum that
passes through the mouth
-gets contaminated with normal biota in the mouth
-common specimen
-first morning sputum is most concentrated
