PAT 201 EXAM 4 QUESTIONS AND 100%
CORECT ANSWERS!!
Allostatic Load
- way of measuring the cumulative wear and tear on the body
- caused by repeated activation of multiple physiologic systems over time to maintain internal
equilibrium
- potentially can tax body and brain and lead to emergence of disease/disorder
what happens when there is frequent exposure to stressors?
- allostatic load increases
- inability to shut off stress response
- lack of adaptation to stressors
frequent and longer exposure accelerates wear and tear on body and brain
What can affect allostatic load?
Socioeconomic status, ethnicity, gender, dysphoria, sexual orientation, aging etc
What is inflammation?
Second line of defense, prevent further damage. Natural, nonspecific response that limits spread
of invading microorganisms of injury
- programmed to respond to cellular/tissue damage
- occurs in tissue with blood supply
- rapidly initiated
- depends on activity of cellular and chemical components
- no memory cells
What can trigger inflammation?
,- Many conditions (phys. trauma, burns, infection, tissue necrosis)
- nonspecific as inflammation proceeds in the same manner regardless of cause
What are the signs of inflammation?
redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function
Vascular and Cellular response in inflammation?
Vasc:
blood vessel dilation, inc. vascular permeability and leakage
Cellular:
WBC adherence to inner walls of vessels, and migration through vessels (diapedesis)
What is a microbiome? (on humans)
- community of symbiotic bacteria on body's surface
- everybody's microbiome is unique, anatomic locations have their own specialized microbiome
- normally do not cause disease, however they can in immunocompromised people
- interacts with body in beneficial way to foster healthy defense system (compete for space with
negative bacteria)
What alters one's microbiome? (immunity is negatively impacted)
- stress/high allostatic load
- diet e.g high fat= inflammation in gut
- toxic metabolites from food
- research showing links to: alzheimer's, diabetes, atherosclerosis, bowel disease, cancer etc.
What are the purposes of inflammation?
- prevent and limit infection and further damage
- limit and control the inflammatory process
- interact with components of adaptive immune system
- prepare area of injury for healing
, What are the plasma protein systems that provide a biochem. barrier against invading
pathogens?
1. complement system
2. clotting system
3. kinin system
- sequentially activated (cascade)
first proenzyme is converted to an active enzyme, which results in sequential activation of other
components
What is the complement system?
Destroys pathogens directly. Activates/collaborated with other components of inflam. response
Pathways:
- Classical (Antibodies and antigens)
- Lectin: (Mannose-containing bacterial carbs)
- Alternative: (Gram-Negative bacterial and fungal cell wall polysachs)
Functions:
- Anaphylatoxic activity, mast cell degranulation, leukocyte chemotaxis, opsonization, cell lysis
What are the main enzymes in the complement system?
C3b: opsonization
- enzyme coats surface of bacteria, increases susceptibility of phagocytosis by inflammatory cells
C5a: chemotaxic factor
- serves as a form of chemical signal that causes leukocytes to go to site of inflammation
C3a and C5a: anaphylatoxins
- induce rapid degranulation of mast cells to release histamines (which induce vasodilation, inc.
capillary permeability)
CORECT ANSWERS!!
Allostatic Load
- way of measuring the cumulative wear and tear on the body
- caused by repeated activation of multiple physiologic systems over time to maintain internal
equilibrium
- potentially can tax body and brain and lead to emergence of disease/disorder
what happens when there is frequent exposure to stressors?
- allostatic load increases
- inability to shut off stress response
- lack of adaptation to stressors
frequent and longer exposure accelerates wear and tear on body and brain
What can affect allostatic load?
Socioeconomic status, ethnicity, gender, dysphoria, sexual orientation, aging etc
What is inflammation?
Second line of defense, prevent further damage. Natural, nonspecific response that limits spread
of invading microorganisms of injury
- programmed to respond to cellular/tissue damage
- occurs in tissue with blood supply
- rapidly initiated
- depends on activity of cellular and chemical components
- no memory cells
What can trigger inflammation?
,- Many conditions (phys. trauma, burns, infection, tissue necrosis)
- nonspecific as inflammation proceeds in the same manner regardless of cause
What are the signs of inflammation?
redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function
Vascular and Cellular response in inflammation?
Vasc:
blood vessel dilation, inc. vascular permeability and leakage
Cellular:
WBC adherence to inner walls of vessels, and migration through vessels (diapedesis)
What is a microbiome? (on humans)
- community of symbiotic bacteria on body's surface
- everybody's microbiome is unique, anatomic locations have their own specialized microbiome
- normally do not cause disease, however they can in immunocompromised people
- interacts with body in beneficial way to foster healthy defense system (compete for space with
negative bacteria)
What alters one's microbiome? (immunity is negatively impacted)
- stress/high allostatic load
- diet e.g high fat= inflammation in gut
- toxic metabolites from food
- research showing links to: alzheimer's, diabetes, atherosclerosis, bowel disease, cancer etc.
What are the purposes of inflammation?
- prevent and limit infection and further damage
- limit and control the inflammatory process
- interact with components of adaptive immune system
- prepare area of injury for healing
, What are the plasma protein systems that provide a biochem. barrier against invading
pathogens?
1. complement system
2. clotting system
3. kinin system
- sequentially activated (cascade)
first proenzyme is converted to an active enzyme, which results in sequential activation of other
components
What is the complement system?
Destroys pathogens directly. Activates/collaborated with other components of inflam. response
Pathways:
- Classical (Antibodies and antigens)
- Lectin: (Mannose-containing bacterial carbs)
- Alternative: (Gram-Negative bacterial and fungal cell wall polysachs)
Functions:
- Anaphylatoxic activity, mast cell degranulation, leukocyte chemotaxis, opsonization, cell lysis
What are the main enzymes in the complement system?
C3b: opsonization
- enzyme coats surface of bacteria, increases susceptibility of phagocytosis by inflammatory cells
C5a: chemotaxic factor
- serves as a form of chemical signal that causes leukocytes to go to site of inflammation
C3a and C5a: anaphylatoxins
- induce rapid degranulation of mast cells to release histamines (which induce vasodilation, inc.
capillary permeability)
