PAT 201 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
100% CORECT ANSWERS!!
where are cerebrovascular disease most frequent?
neurologic disorder
how are abnormalities formed?
pathologic process in blood vessels
what are the 2 types of brain abnormalities?
Ischemia with or without infarction
Hemorrhage
examples on brain abnormalities
Cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) i.e. strokes
Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
Aneurysms or malformations
what happens to an injured brain?
Reacts with structural, chemical, and pathophysiologic changes
Primary brain injury is original trauma (i.e. stroke)
Secondary brain injury is a consequence of alterations in cerebral blood flow, increased
intracranial pressure (ICP), and O2 delivery
what is cerebral hypoxia?
,impaired O2 supply while maintaining adequate blood flow (perfusion)
↓O2 levels in all brain tissue
what is cerebral ischemia?
impaired blood flow to brain
interferes with delivery of O2 & glucose & removal of metabolic wastes
neurons die because of activation of chemicals produced during and after ischemia
ischemic cascade (more later!)
What is the Difference Between Focal Cerebral Ischemia and Global Cerebral Ischemia?
Ischemia can be focal or global
Focal cerebral ischemia
specific region/area of brain not adequately perfused
i.e. stroke
Global cerebral ischemia
blood flow to entire brain is compromised
i.e. hypovolemia, MI, HF
what is a cerebral infraction?
Cerebral infarction is when a lack of adequate blood supply to brain cells deprives them of
oxygen and vital nutrients
can cause brain cells to die (infarct)
what are ischemic infarcts?
, vascular occlusion
thrombi or embolus
atherosclerosis
what is hemorrhagic infarcts?
bleeding occurs into infarcted area
leaking vessels
reperfusion
what are the modifiable risks for stroke?
- Poorly controlled or uncontrolled HTN
• Smoking (increases risk of stroke by 50%!)
- High total cholesterol, low HDL, elevated lipoprotein(a)
• Obesity
• Physical inactivity
• Insulin resistance and diabetes
- Family hx and genetics
- Postmenopausal hormone therapy
• High sodium intake; low potassium intake
what are the 2 main types of stroke?
Ischemic (~80%)
Hemorrhagic (~20%)
What is an ischemic stroke?
Most strokes are ischemic (thrombotic or embolic)
Obstructed blood flow to cerebral artery
what is a hemorrhagic stroke?
100% CORECT ANSWERS!!
where are cerebrovascular disease most frequent?
neurologic disorder
how are abnormalities formed?
pathologic process in blood vessels
what are the 2 types of brain abnormalities?
Ischemia with or without infarction
Hemorrhage
examples on brain abnormalities
Cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) i.e. strokes
Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
Aneurysms or malformations
what happens to an injured brain?
Reacts with structural, chemical, and pathophysiologic changes
Primary brain injury is original trauma (i.e. stroke)
Secondary brain injury is a consequence of alterations in cerebral blood flow, increased
intracranial pressure (ICP), and O2 delivery
what is cerebral hypoxia?
,impaired O2 supply while maintaining adequate blood flow (perfusion)
↓O2 levels in all brain tissue
what is cerebral ischemia?
impaired blood flow to brain
interferes with delivery of O2 & glucose & removal of metabolic wastes
neurons die because of activation of chemicals produced during and after ischemia
ischemic cascade (more later!)
What is the Difference Between Focal Cerebral Ischemia and Global Cerebral Ischemia?
Ischemia can be focal or global
Focal cerebral ischemia
specific region/area of brain not adequately perfused
i.e. stroke
Global cerebral ischemia
blood flow to entire brain is compromised
i.e. hypovolemia, MI, HF
what is a cerebral infraction?
Cerebral infarction is when a lack of adequate blood supply to brain cells deprives them of
oxygen and vital nutrients
can cause brain cells to die (infarct)
what are ischemic infarcts?
, vascular occlusion
thrombi or embolus
atherosclerosis
what is hemorrhagic infarcts?
bleeding occurs into infarcted area
leaking vessels
reperfusion
what are the modifiable risks for stroke?
- Poorly controlled or uncontrolled HTN
• Smoking (increases risk of stroke by 50%!)
- High total cholesterol, low HDL, elevated lipoprotein(a)
• Obesity
• Physical inactivity
• Insulin resistance and diabetes
- Family hx and genetics
- Postmenopausal hormone therapy
• High sodium intake; low potassium intake
what are the 2 main types of stroke?
Ischemic (~80%)
Hemorrhagic (~20%)
What is an ischemic stroke?
Most strokes are ischemic (thrombotic or embolic)
Obstructed blood flow to cerebral artery
what is a hemorrhagic stroke?
