PAT 201 EXAM STUDY QUESTIONS AND
100% CORECT ANSWERS!!
what is atherosclerosis?
form of arteriosclerosis that is caused by the accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages within the
arterial wall
what does atherosclerosis lead to the formation of?
plaque
what systems are affected by atherosclerosis?
vascular systems throughout the body and is the leading cause of peripheral artery disease,
coronary artery disease, and cerebrovascular disease
what is the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis? (IMPORTANT TO MEMORIZE ALL OF
THIS!)
Step 1: begins with the endothelial cells that line the artery walls =>
Step 2: progresses to inflammation of endothelium cells where it cannot make normal amounts of
anti-thrombotic, vasodilating cytokines, and express adhesion molecules that bind macrophages,
inflammatory, and immune cells =>
Step 3: which then makes macrophages release inflammatory cytokines and enzymes that further
destroys the vessel wall =>
Step 4: LDL then penetrates the arterial wall and becomes trapped, which causes inflammation
and oxidative stress =>
Step 5: forming toxic oxygen free radicals that cause oxidation of LDL =>
Step 6: macrophages then engulf oxidized LDL and are then transformed into foam cells =>
, Step 7: which then forms a fatty streak when accumulating a significant amount =>
Step 8: fatty streak consists of foam cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages where
cytokines and other enzymes are released causing further injury to the vessel wall =>
Step 9: growth factors are then released that causes the stimulation of smooth muscle
proliferation, release of collagen, and migration of the fatty streak which progresses to a fibrous
plaque =>
Step 10: when fibrous plaque rupture, they are known as complicated plaques where it exposes
underlying tissues =>
Step 11: this causes platelet adhesion, initiation of clotting cascade, rapid thrombus formation
which can occlude vessels, cause ischemia, and infarction
what are the possible causes of endothelial injury?
smoking
hypertension
diabetes
increased levels of LDLs and decreased levels of HDLs
autoimmunity
what are other risk factors of endothelial injury?
serum markers for inflammation
thrombosis
100% CORECT ANSWERS!!
what is atherosclerosis?
form of arteriosclerosis that is caused by the accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages within the
arterial wall
what does atherosclerosis lead to the formation of?
plaque
what systems are affected by atherosclerosis?
vascular systems throughout the body and is the leading cause of peripheral artery disease,
coronary artery disease, and cerebrovascular disease
what is the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis? (IMPORTANT TO MEMORIZE ALL OF
THIS!)
Step 1: begins with the endothelial cells that line the artery walls =>
Step 2: progresses to inflammation of endothelium cells where it cannot make normal amounts of
anti-thrombotic, vasodilating cytokines, and express adhesion molecules that bind macrophages,
inflammatory, and immune cells =>
Step 3: which then makes macrophages release inflammatory cytokines and enzymes that further
destroys the vessel wall =>
Step 4: LDL then penetrates the arterial wall and becomes trapped, which causes inflammation
and oxidative stress =>
Step 5: forming toxic oxygen free radicals that cause oxidation of LDL =>
Step 6: macrophages then engulf oxidized LDL and are then transformed into foam cells =>
, Step 7: which then forms a fatty streak when accumulating a significant amount =>
Step 8: fatty streak consists of foam cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages where
cytokines and other enzymes are released causing further injury to the vessel wall =>
Step 9: growth factors are then released that causes the stimulation of smooth muscle
proliferation, release of collagen, and migration of the fatty streak which progresses to a fibrous
plaque =>
Step 10: when fibrous plaque rupture, they are known as complicated plaques where it exposes
underlying tissues =>
Step 11: this causes platelet adhesion, initiation of clotting cascade, rapid thrombus formation
which can occlude vessels, cause ischemia, and infarction
what are the possible causes of endothelial injury?
smoking
hypertension
diabetes
increased levels of LDLs and decreased levels of HDLs
autoimmunity
what are other risk factors of endothelial injury?
serum markers for inflammation
thrombosis
