PAT 201 EXAM REVISION QUESTIONS AND
100% CORECT ANSWERS!!
What is atherosclerosis?
-Form of arteriosclerosis
-Thickening and hardening caused by accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages in arterial wall
-Chronic inflammatory condition
True or false: atherosclerosis is the leading cause of coronary artery disease (CAD) and
cerebrovascular disease
True
What is the progression of atherosclerosis?
Damaged endothelium -> LDL oxidation -> fatty streak formation -> fibrous plaque
What are some examples of factors that cause endothelial cell injury?
-Smoking
-HTN
-DM
Damaged endothelium stops making what substances
Antithrombotic and vasodilatory (NO and prostaglandins)
What happens as a result of damaged endothelium?
-Promotes adhesion of monocytes and other inflammatory cells.
-Produces reactive oxygen species (formed from O2 and damage molecules)
What is the correct sequence of events of LDL oxidation?
1. Activated macrophages engulf oxidized LDL
2. LDL penetrates arterial walls and becomes trapped
, 3. Macrophages full of LDL transform into foam cells
4. Inflammation, oxidative stress and activation of macrophages oxidizes LDL
2
4
1
3
What is the most common cause of coronary artery diseases?
Atherosclerosis
Why are plaques unstable and prone to rupture?
-Inflammatory activation of proteinases
-Apoptosis (death) of cells in the plaque
-Plaque hemorrhage
-Plaques are clinically silent until they rupture
Explain fibrous plaques
-Calcify & protrude into vessel lumen
-Obstruct blood flow to distal tissues
Someone with atherosclerosis may experience ____ during exercise
Angina or intermittent claudication (leg cramps)
What is a complicated plaque?
Plaques that have ruptured
What medication is for the prevention of plaque?
Antithrombotic agents (ASA)
What is the pathophysiology of complex plaque formation
-Exposed underlying tissue
-Platelet adhesion
100% CORECT ANSWERS!!
What is atherosclerosis?
-Form of arteriosclerosis
-Thickening and hardening caused by accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages in arterial wall
-Chronic inflammatory condition
True or false: atherosclerosis is the leading cause of coronary artery disease (CAD) and
cerebrovascular disease
True
What is the progression of atherosclerosis?
Damaged endothelium -> LDL oxidation -> fatty streak formation -> fibrous plaque
What are some examples of factors that cause endothelial cell injury?
-Smoking
-HTN
-DM
Damaged endothelium stops making what substances
Antithrombotic and vasodilatory (NO and prostaglandins)
What happens as a result of damaged endothelium?
-Promotes adhesion of monocytes and other inflammatory cells.
-Produces reactive oxygen species (formed from O2 and damage molecules)
What is the correct sequence of events of LDL oxidation?
1. Activated macrophages engulf oxidized LDL
2. LDL penetrates arterial walls and becomes trapped
, 3. Macrophages full of LDL transform into foam cells
4. Inflammation, oxidative stress and activation of macrophages oxidizes LDL
2
4
1
3
What is the most common cause of coronary artery diseases?
Atherosclerosis
Why are plaques unstable and prone to rupture?
-Inflammatory activation of proteinases
-Apoptosis (death) of cells in the plaque
-Plaque hemorrhage
-Plaques are clinically silent until they rupture
Explain fibrous plaques
-Calcify & protrude into vessel lumen
-Obstruct blood flow to distal tissues
Someone with atherosclerosis may experience ____ during exercise
Angina or intermittent claudication (leg cramps)
What is a complicated plaque?
Plaques that have ruptured
What medication is for the prevention of plaque?
Antithrombotic agents (ASA)
What is the pathophysiology of complex plaque formation
-Exposed underlying tissue
-Platelet adhesion
