GMS 6121 Exam 4 Study Guide Exam
and Actual Detailed Answers.
Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis - Answer - cerebrospinal fluid analysis (by lumbar puncture)
Meningitis symptoms - Answer - headache
- stiff neck
- neurologic dysfunction: lethargy, confusion
- vomiting
Meningitis damage - Answer - inflammation
- PMNS
- vasogenic edema (leakage of fluid out of capillaries into the brain)
- impaired blood flow
- ischemia (lack of oxygen and blood in parts of the body)
- cell death
Acute bacterial meningitis signs - Answer - elevated leukocytes
predominant/increase in PMN (neutrophils)
- decreased glucose
- elevated protein
Acute bacterial meningitis- newborns/neonates - Answer - Group B streptococci
- E. coli K1
*- Listeria monocytogenes
Acute bacterial meningitis- infants/children up to 24 months - Answer - Streptococcus
pneumoniae
- Neisseria meningitidis
*- Haemophilus influenzae type b
, lower respiratory tract - Answer - nonciliated epithelium (bronchoalveoli and alveoli)
Rationale of URT and LRT - Answer - URT can be cleared by the mucociliary escalator but LRT
cannot
Respiratory tract defenses: non-immune host - Answer - physical: mucociliary escalator of URT
- particle exclusion: small particles <3 μM can make it to LRT
- Epiglottis, larynx and cough reflex (aspiration)
- Chemical: lysozyme (degrades peptidoglycan) and lactoferrin (binds Fe)
- Alveolar macrophages in LRT
- Complement in LRT
Respiratory tract defenses: immune host - Answer - sIgA in URT
- IgG in LRT
- CMI: TH1-macrophages in LRT for intracellular
Respiratory tract organisms: debilitated or compromised host - Answer - impairment of
glottal/cough reflex (drugs, alcoholism)
- mucociliary elevator (smoking, alcoholism)
- viral infection
- loss of consciousness
Typical pneumonia - Answer - rapid onset
- more severe symptoms
- productive cough, purulent sputum
Atypical pneumonia - Answer - subacute onset (slower)
- less severe symptoms (walking pneumonia)
- nonproductive cough, a little white flem
Defenses of the skin - Answer - exfoliation
and Actual Detailed Answers.
Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis - Answer - cerebrospinal fluid analysis (by lumbar puncture)
Meningitis symptoms - Answer - headache
- stiff neck
- neurologic dysfunction: lethargy, confusion
- vomiting
Meningitis damage - Answer - inflammation
- PMNS
- vasogenic edema (leakage of fluid out of capillaries into the brain)
- impaired blood flow
- ischemia (lack of oxygen and blood in parts of the body)
- cell death
Acute bacterial meningitis signs - Answer - elevated leukocytes
predominant/increase in PMN (neutrophils)
- decreased glucose
- elevated protein
Acute bacterial meningitis- newborns/neonates - Answer - Group B streptococci
- E. coli K1
*- Listeria monocytogenes
Acute bacterial meningitis- infants/children up to 24 months - Answer - Streptococcus
pneumoniae
- Neisseria meningitidis
*- Haemophilus influenzae type b
, lower respiratory tract - Answer - nonciliated epithelium (bronchoalveoli and alveoli)
Rationale of URT and LRT - Answer - URT can be cleared by the mucociliary escalator but LRT
cannot
Respiratory tract defenses: non-immune host - Answer - physical: mucociliary escalator of URT
- particle exclusion: small particles <3 μM can make it to LRT
- Epiglottis, larynx and cough reflex (aspiration)
- Chemical: lysozyme (degrades peptidoglycan) and lactoferrin (binds Fe)
- Alveolar macrophages in LRT
- Complement in LRT
Respiratory tract defenses: immune host - Answer - sIgA in URT
- IgG in LRT
- CMI: TH1-macrophages in LRT for intracellular
Respiratory tract organisms: debilitated or compromised host - Answer - impairment of
glottal/cough reflex (drugs, alcoholism)
- mucociliary elevator (smoking, alcoholism)
- viral infection
- loss of consciousness
Typical pneumonia - Answer - rapid onset
- more severe symptoms
- productive cough, purulent sputum
Atypical pneumonia - Answer - subacute onset (slower)
- less severe symptoms (walking pneumonia)
- nonproductive cough, a little white flem
Defenses of the skin - Answer - exfoliation
