Chapter 1 - Answer Nur201 Exam Questions And Correct Answers| Graded A+|Pass!!

1.The Blank Slate - ANSWER - 17th-century English philosopher John Locke drew on a broad philosophical approach known as empiricism when he claimed that the mind of a child is a blank slate. 2.Empiricism - ANSWER is the view that humans possess no innate tendencies and that all differences among humans are attributable to experience 3.The blank-slate view suggests that adults can mold children into whatever they want them to be. - ANSWER Therefore, differences among adults can be explained in terms of differences in their childhood environments rather than as a result of a struggle to overcome any kind of inborn tendencies, as the original-sin view proposed. 4.Innate Goodness - ANSWER - proposed by 18th-century Swiss philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau - He claimed that all human beings are naturally good and seek out experiences that help them grow - Rousseau believed that children need only nurturing and protection to reach their full potential. -Developmental outcomes are good when a child's environment refrains from interfering in her attempts to nurture her own development. - In contrast, outcomes are poor when a child experiences frustration in her efforts to express the innate goodness with which she was born. innate-goodness and original-sin approaches share the view that development involves a struggle between internal and external forces. - ANSWER In contrast to both, the blank-slate view sees the child as a passive recipient of environmental influences. 6.Charles Darwin - ANSWER - proposed that studying children's development might help scientists better understand the evolution of the human species - first organized studies of human development - fathered 10 children and initiated the scientific study of childhood by studying them - kept detailed records of their own children's early development (called baby biographies), in the hope of finding evidence to support the theory of evolution 7.G. Stanley Hall - ANSWER - used questionnaires and interviews to study large numbers of children - His 1891 article "The Contents of Children's Minds on Entering School" represented the first scientific study of child development - He thought that developmentalists should identify norms, or average ages at which developmental milestones are reached - Norms, Hall said, could be used to learn about the evolution of the species as well as to track the development of individual children. 8.Norms - ANSWER or average ages at which developmental milestones are reached 9.Arnold Gesell - ANSWER - research suggested the existence of a genetically programmed sequential pattern of change -used the term -maturation -to describe such a pattern of change. - He thought that maturationally determined development occurred, regardless of practice, training, or effort - For example, infants don't have to be taught how to walk. - He pioneered the use of movie cameras and one-way observation devices to study children's behavior - His findings became the basis for many norm-referenced tests that are used today to determine whether individual children are developing at a rate that is similar to that of other children of the same age. - Such tests help early educators find ways of helping young children whose development lags behind that of others 10.At the beginning of the 20th century, Americans' life expectancy at birth was only 49 years. - ANSWER By the century's end, the expected lifespan of someone born in the United States was about 76 years 11.As a result, older adults now constitute a larger proportion of the U.S. population than ever before. - ANSWER In fact, adults over the age of 100 are one of the most rapidly growing age groups in the industrialized world. pan perspective - ANSWER the idea that important changes occur during every period of development and that these changes must be interpreted in terms of the culture and context in which they occur - The lifespan perspective posits that human development is multidimensional rather than a continuous and consistent cycle Understanding change in adulthood has become just as important as understanding change in childhood, and input from many disciplines is necessary to fully explain human development.