Medical-Surgical Nursing in Canada 5th Edition Lewi Test Bank
NURSINGTB.COM
, Medical-Surgical Nursing in Canada 5th Edition Lewi Test Bank
Chapter 01: Introduction to Medical-
pm pm pm pm
Surgical Nursing Practice in Canada Lewis: Medical-
pm pm pm pm pm pm
Surgical Nursing in Canada, 5th Canadian Edition
pm pm pm pm pm pm
MULTIPLE CHOICE pm
1. When caring for clients using evidence-
pm pm pm pm pm
informed practice, which of the following does the nurse use?
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
a. Clinical judgement based on experience pm pm pm pm
b. Evidence from a clinical research study pm pm pm pm pm
c. The best available evidence to guide clinical expertise
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
d. Evaluation of data showing that the client outcomes are met pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
ANS: C p m
Evidence-
informed nursing practice is a continuous interactive process involving the explicit, conscien
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
tious, and judicious consideration of the best available evidence to provide care. Four primar
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
y elements are: (a) clinical state, setting, and circumstances; (b) client preferences and actio
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
ns; (c) best research evidence; and (d) health care resources. Clinical judgement based on the
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm p
mnurse‘s clinical experience is part of EIP, but clinical decision making also should incorpor
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
ate current research and research-
pm pm pm pm
based guidelines. Evidence from one clinical research study does not provide an adequate s
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
ubstantiation for interventions. Evaluation of client outcomes is important, but interventions
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm p
mshould be based on research from randomized control studies with a large number of subje
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
cts.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension TOP: pm pm p m Nursing Process: Planning pm pm
2. Which of the following best expl a ins the nu r s e s ‘ primary use of the nursing process when
pm
N R I G B.C M
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm p
m pm pm pm pm pm p m pm pm pm pm pm pm
providing care to clients?
pm
USNT Opm pm pm
pm pm pm
a. To explain nursing interventions to other health care professionals
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
b. As a problem-solving tool to identify and treat clients‘ health care needs
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
c. As a scientific-based process of diagnosing the client‘s health care problems
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
d. To establish nursing theory that incorporates the biopsychosocial nature of humans
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
ANS: B p m
The nursing process is an assertive problem-
pm pm pm pm pm pm
solving approach to the identification and treatment of clients‘ problems. Diagnosis is only
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
one phase of the nursing process. The primary use of the nursing process is in client care, no
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
t to establish nursing theory or explain nursing interventions to other health care professiona
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
ls.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension TOP: pm pm p m Nursing Process: Implementation pm pm
3. The nurse is caring for a critically ill client in the intensive care unit and plans an every 2-
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
hour turning schedule to prevent skin breakdown. Which type of nursing function is demon
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
strated with this turning schedule?
pm pm pm pm
a. Dependent
b. Cooperative
c. Independent
d. Collaborative
ANS: D p m
NURSINGTB.COM
, Medical-Surgical Nursing in Canada 5th Edition Lewi Test Bank
When implementing collaborative nursing actions, the nurse is responsible primarily for mo
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
nitoring for complications of acute illness or providing care to prevent or treat complication
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
s. Independent nursing actions are focused on health promotion, illness prevention, and clie
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
nt advocacy. A dependent action would require a physician order to implement. Cooperativ
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
e nursing functions are not described as one of the formal nursing functions.
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application pm pm TOP: p m Nursing Process: Implementation pm pm
4. The nurse is caring for a client who has been admitted to the hospital for surgery and tells t
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
he nurse, ―I do not feel right about leaving my children with my neighbour.‖ Which acti
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
on should the nurse take next?
pm pm pm pm pm
a. Reassure the client that these feelings are common for parents.
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
b. Have the client call the children to ensure that they are doing well.
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
c. Call the neighbour to determine whether adequate childcare is being provided.
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
d. Gather more data about the client‘s feelings about the childcare arrangements.
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
ANS: D p m
Since a complete assessment is necessary in order to identify a problem and choose an appr
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
opriate intervention, the nurse‘s first action should be to obtain more information. The othe
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
r actions may be appropriate, but more assessment is needed before the best intervention can
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
be chosen.pm
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application pm pm TOP: p m Nursing Process: Assessment pm pm
5. The nurse is caring for a client who has left-
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
sided paralysis as the result of a stroke and assesses a pressure injury on the clie nt‘s l
N R isIthe most
G B . C Mnursing diagnosis f Uo r t Sh is cNl
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
eft h ip . W hich of the following
pm pm pm pm pm appropriate pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm p m pm pm p m pm
ienTt ?
pm pm pm O
a. Impaired physical mobility related to decrease in muscle control (left-sided
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
paralysis)
b. Risk for impaired tissue integrity as evidenced by insufficient knowledge abou
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
t protecting tissue integrity
pm pm pm
c. Impaired skin integrity related to pressure over bony prominence (impaire
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
d circulation) pm
d. Ineffective tissue perfusion related to sedentary lifestyle pm pm pm pm pm pm
ANS: C p m
The client‘s major problem is the impaired skin integrity as demonstrated by the presence of
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
a pressure injury. The nurse is able to treat the cause of altered circulation and pressure by
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
frequently repositioning the client. Although left- pm pm pm pm pm
sided weakness is a problem for the client, the nurse cannot treat the weakness. The ―risk f
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
or‖ diagnosis is not appropriate for this client, who already has impaired tissue integrity. The
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm p
mclient does have ineffective tissue perfusion, but the impaired skin integrity diagnosis indic
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
ates more clearly what the health problem is.
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application pm pm TOP: p m Nursing Process: Diagnosis pm pm
6. The nurse caring for a client with an infection has a nursing diagnosis of deficient flu
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
id volume related to excessive diaphoresis. Which of the following is an appropriate c
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
lient outcome? pm
a. Client has a balanced intake and output. pm pm pm pm pm pm
b. Client‘s bedding is changed when it becomes damp. pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
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, Medical-Surgical Nursing in Canada 5th Edition Lewi Test Bank
c. Client understands the need for increased fluid intake.
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
d. Client‘s skin remains cool and dry throughout hospitalization.
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
ANS: A p m
This statement gives measurable data showing resolution of the problem of deficient fluid v
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
olume that was identified in the nursing diagnosis statement. The other statements would not
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
indicate that the problem of deficient fluid volume was resolved.
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application pm pm TOP: p m Nursing Process: Planning pm pm
7. Which of the following represents a nursing activity that is carried out during the evaluatio
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
n phase of the nursing process?
pm pm pm pm pm
a. Determining if interventions have been effective in meeting client outcomes
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
b. Documenting the nursing care plan in the progress notes in the medical record
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
c. Deciding whether the client‘s health problems have been completely resolved
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
d. Asking the client to evaluate whether the nursing care provided was satisfactory
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
ANS: A p m
Evaluation consists of determining whether the desired client outcomes have been met and
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
whether the nursing interventions were appropriate. The other responses do not describe the e
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
valuation phase. pm
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension TOP: pm pm p m Nursing Process: Evaluation pm pm
8. Which of the following would the nurse perform during the assessment phase of the nursin
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
g process?
pm
a. Obtains data with which to diagnose client problems
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
b. Uses client data to develoNp p R
pm
Ur ioSr iItyN nGurs
T iBng.Cd iagMnoses
pm
c. Teaches interventions to relieve client health problems
pm
pm pm
pm
pm
pm pm
pm p m
pm
pm
pm
d. Assists the client to identify realistic outcomes to health problems
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
ANS: A p m
During the assessment phase, the nurse gathers information about the client. The other resp
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
onses are examples of the intervention, diagnosis, and planning phases of the nursing process
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge pm pm TOP: p m Nursing Process: Assessment pm pm
9. Which of the following is an example of a correctly written nursing diagnosis statement?
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
a. Altered tissue perfusion related to heart failure
pm pm pm pm pm pm
b. Risk for impaired tissue integrity related to sacral redness
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
c. Ineffective coping related to insufficient sense of control.pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
d. Altered urinary elimination related to urinary tract infection
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
ANS: C p m
This diagnosis statement includes a NANDA nursing diagnosis and an etiology that describe
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
s a client‘s response to a health problem that can be treated by nursing. The use of a medi
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
cal diagnosis (as in the responses beginning ―Altered tissue perfusion‖ and ―Altered urinar
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
y elimination‖) is not appropriate. The response beginning ―Risk for impaired tissue integr
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
ity‖ uses the defining characteristics as the etiology.
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension TOP: pm pm p m Nursing Process: Diagnosis pm pm
NURSINGTB.COM
NURSINGTB.COM
, Medical-Surgical Nursing in Canada 5th Edition Lewi Test Bank
Chapter 01: Introduction to Medical-
pm pm pm pm
Surgical Nursing Practice in Canada Lewis: Medical-
pm pm pm pm pm pm
Surgical Nursing in Canada, 5th Canadian Edition
pm pm pm pm pm pm
MULTIPLE CHOICE pm
1. When caring for clients using evidence-
pm pm pm pm pm
informed practice, which of the following does the nurse use?
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
a. Clinical judgement based on experience pm pm pm pm
b. Evidence from a clinical research study pm pm pm pm pm
c. The best available evidence to guide clinical expertise
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
d. Evaluation of data showing that the client outcomes are met pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
ANS: C p m
Evidence-
informed nursing practice is a continuous interactive process involving the explicit, conscien
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
tious, and judicious consideration of the best available evidence to provide care. Four primar
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
y elements are: (a) clinical state, setting, and circumstances; (b) client preferences and actio
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
ns; (c) best research evidence; and (d) health care resources. Clinical judgement based on the
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm p
mnurse‘s clinical experience is part of EIP, but clinical decision making also should incorpor
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
ate current research and research-
pm pm pm pm
based guidelines. Evidence from one clinical research study does not provide an adequate s
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
ubstantiation for interventions. Evaluation of client outcomes is important, but interventions
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm p
mshould be based on research from randomized control studies with a large number of subje
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
cts.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension TOP: pm pm p m Nursing Process: Planning pm pm
2. Which of the following best expl a ins the nu r s e s ‘ primary use of the nursing process when
pm
N R I G B.C M
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm p
m pm pm pm pm pm p m pm pm pm pm pm pm
providing care to clients?
pm
USNT Opm pm pm
pm pm pm
a. To explain nursing interventions to other health care professionals
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
b. As a problem-solving tool to identify and treat clients‘ health care needs
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
c. As a scientific-based process of diagnosing the client‘s health care problems
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
d. To establish nursing theory that incorporates the biopsychosocial nature of humans
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
ANS: B p m
The nursing process is an assertive problem-
pm pm pm pm pm pm
solving approach to the identification and treatment of clients‘ problems. Diagnosis is only
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
one phase of the nursing process. The primary use of the nursing process is in client care, no
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
t to establish nursing theory or explain nursing interventions to other health care professiona
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
ls.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension TOP: pm pm p m Nursing Process: Implementation pm pm
3. The nurse is caring for a critically ill client in the intensive care unit and plans an every 2-
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
hour turning schedule to prevent skin breakdown. Which type of nursing function is demon
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
strated with this turning schedule?
pm pm pm pm
a. Dependent
b. Cooperative
c. Independent
d. Collaborative
ANS: D p m
NURSINGTB.COM
, Medical-Surgical Nursing in Canada 5th Edition Lewi Test Bank
When implementing collaborative nursing actions, the nurse is responsible primarily for mo
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
nitoring for complications of acute illness or providing care to prevent or treat complication
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
s. Independent nursing actions are focused on health promotion, illness prevention, and clie
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
nt advocacy. A dependent action would require a physician order to implement. Cooperativ
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
e nursing functions are not described as one of the formal nursing functions.
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application pm pm TOP: p m Nursing Process: Implementation pm pm
4. The nurse is caring for a client who has been admitted to the hospital for surgery and tells t
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
he nurse, ―I do not feel right about leaving my children with my neighbour.‖ Which acti
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
on should the nurse take next?
pm pm pm pm pm
a. Reassure the client that these feelings are common for parents.
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
b. Have the client call the children to ensure that they are doing well.
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
c. Call the neighbour to determine whether adequate childcare is being provided.
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
d. Gather more data about the client‘s feelings about the childcare arrangements.
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
ANS: D p m
Since a complete assessment is necessary in order to identify a problem and choose an appr
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
opriate intervention, the nurse‘s first action should be to obtain more information. The othe
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
r actions may be appropriate, but more assessment is needed before the best intervention can
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
be chosen.pm
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application pm pm TOP: p m Nursing Process: Assessment pm pm
5. The nurse is caring for a client who has left-
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
sided paralysis as the result of a stroke and assesses a pressure injury on the clie nt‘s l
N R isIthe most
G B . C Mnursing diagnosis f Uo r t Sh is cNl
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
eft h ip . W hich of the following
pm pm pm pm pm appropriate pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm p m pm pm p m pm
ienTt ?
pm pm pm O
a. Impaired physical mobility related to decrease in muscle control (left-sided
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
paralysis)
b. Risk for impaired tissue integrity as evidenced by insufficient knowledge abou
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
t protecting tissue integrity
pm pm pm
c. Impaired skin integrity related to pressure over bony prominence (impaire
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
d circulation) pm
d. Ineffective tissue perfusion related to sedentary lifestyle pm pm pm pm pm pm
ANS: C p m
The client‘s major problem is the impaired skin integrity as demonstrated by the presence of
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
a pressure injury. The nurse is able to treat the cause of altered circulation and pressure by
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
frequently repositioning the client. Although left- pm pm pm pm pm
sided weakness is a problem for the client, the nurse cannot treat the weakness. The ―risk f
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
or‖ diagnosis is not appropriate for this client, who already has impaired tissue integrity. The
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm p
mclient does have ineffective tissue perfusion, but the impaired skin integrity diagnosis indic
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
ates more clearly what the health problem is.
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application pm pm TOP: p m Nursing Process: Diagnosis pm pm
6. The nurse caring for a client with an infection has a nursing diagnosis of deficient flu
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
id volume related to excessive diaphoresis. Which of the following is an appropriate c
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
lient outcome? pm
a. Client has a balanced intake and output. pm pm pm pm pm pm
b. Client‘s bedding is changed when it becomes damp. pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
NURSINGTB.COM
, Medical-Surgical Nursing in Canada 5th Edition Lewi Test Bank
c. Client understands the need for increased fluid intake.
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
d. Client‘s skin remains cool and dry throughout hospitalization.
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
ANS: A p m
This statement gives measurable data showing resolution of the problem of deficient fluid v
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
olume that was identified in the nursing diagnosis statement. The other statements would not
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
indicate that the problem of deficient fluid volume was resolved.
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
DIF: Cognitive Level: Application pm pm TOP: p m Nursing Process: Planning pm pm
7. Which of the following represents a nursing activity that is carried out during the evaluatio
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
n phase of the nursing process?
pm pm pm pm pm
a. Determining if interventions have been effective in meeting client outcomes
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
b. Documenting the nursing care plan in the progress notes in the medical record
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
c. Deciding whether the client‘s health problems have been completely resolved
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
d. Asking the client to evaluate whether the nursing care provided was satisfactory
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
ANS: A p m
Evaluation consists of determining whether the desired client outcomes have been met and
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
whether the nursing interventions were appropriate. The other responses do not describe the e
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
valuation phase. pm
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension TOP: pm pm p m Nursing Process: Evaluation pm pm
8. Which of the following would the nurse perform during the assessment phase of the nursin
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
g process?
pm
a. Obtains data with which to diagnose client problems
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
b. Uses client data to develoNp p R
pm
Ur ioSr iItyN nGurs
T iBng.Cd iagMnoses
pm
c. Teaches interventions to relieve client health problems
pm
pm pm
pm
pm
pm pm
pm p m
pm
pm
pm
d. Assists the client to identify realistic outcomes to health problems
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
ANS: A p m
During the assessment phase, the nurse gathers information about the client. The other resp
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
onses are examples of the intervention, diagnosis, and planning phases of the nursing process
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge pm pm TOP: p m Nursing Process: Assessment pm pm
9. Which of the following is an example of a correctly written nursing diagnosis statement?
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
a. Altered tissue perfusion related to heart failure
pm pm pm pm pm pm
b. Risk for impaired tissue integrity related to sacral redness
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
c. Ineffective coping related to insufficient sense of control.pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
d. Altered urinary elimination related to urinary tract infection
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
ANS: C p m
This diagnosis statement includes a NANDA nursing diagnosis and an etiology that describe
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
s a client‘s response to a health problem that can be treated by nursing. The use of a medi
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
cal diagnosis (as in the responses beginning ―Altered tissue perfusion‖ and ―Altered urinar
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
y elimination‖) is not appropriate. The response beginning ―Risk for impaired tissue integr
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
ity‖ uses the defining characteristics as the etiology.
pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension TOP: pm pm p m Nursing Process: Diagnosis pm pm
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