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PN 1005 Pharmacology Final Questions and
Verified Answers
Pharmacokinetics
Ans: - How the body affects the drug
Absorption process
Ans: This occurs by the drug crossing a mucus membrane in the stomach
(when pill is swallowed), through the skin (when cream or patch is applied
or in the lung tissue (like powder or aerosol is inhaled)
Factors that affect distribution
Ans: Route of administration, oral medications affected by presence of food
in the stomach
Excretion of drugs
Ans: - Sweat, urine, feces
Drug Schedule I
Ans: o high potential for abuse, no accepted medical use in the US
§ Example: Heroin, LSD, cannabis, ecstasy
Drug Schedule II
Ans: o High potential for abuse, accepted medical use with severe
restrictions
§ Cocaine, methamphetamine, oxycodone, Adderall
Drug Schedule III
Ans: o Moderate to low potential for abuse, accepted medical use
§ Ketamine, anabolic steroids, testosterone
Drug Schedule IV
Ans: Moderate to low potential for abuse, accepted medical use (e.g.,
ketamine, anabolic steroids)
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Drug Schedule IV
Ans: Low potential for abuse, accepted medical use (e.g., Xanax, Valium
Drug Schedule V
Ans: Very low potential for abuse, accepted medical use (e.g., cough
preparations with codeine).
Pregnancy Category A
Ans: Proven safe in human studies. No risk to the fetus
Pregnancy Category B
Ans: Animal studies show no risk; no human studies. Use if benefits
outweigh risks.
Pregnancy Category C
Ans: Animal studies show harm; no human studies. Use only if benefits
outweigh risks.
Pregnancy Category D
Ans: Evidence of risk to the fetus, but benefits may outweigh risks in some
cases.
Pregnancy Category X
Ans: Proven harmful to the fetus. Risks outweigh any benefits.
Metabolism
Ans: - The chemical alteration of a drug in the body
- Liver is the primary site of metabolism
- Also known as biotransformation
First Pass
Ans: - Medications that are extensively metabolized by the liver (mostly oral
medications)
Half Life
PN 1005 Pharmacology Final Questions and
Verified Answers
Pharmacokinetics
Ans: - How the body affects the drug
Absorption process
Ans: This occurs by the drug crossing a mucus membrane in the stomach
(when pill is swallowed), through the skin (when cream or patch is applied
or in the lung tissue (like powder or aerosol is inhaled)
Factors that affect distribution
Ans: Route of administration, oral medications affected by presence of food
in the stomach
Excretion of drugs
Ans: - Sweat, urine, feces
Drug Schedule I
Ans: o high potential for abuse, no accepted medical use in the US
§ Example: Heroin, LSD, cannabis, ecstasy
Drug Schedule II
Ans: o High potential for abuse, accepted medical use with severe
restrictions
§ Cocaine, methamphetamine, oxycodone, Adderall
Drug Schedule III
Ans: o Moderate to low potential for abuse, accepted medical use
§ Ketamine, anabolic steroids, testosterone
Drug Schedule IV
Ans: Moderate to low potential for abuse, accepted medical use (e.g.,
ketamine, anabolic steroids)
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Drug Schedule IV
Ans: Low potential for abuse, accepted medical use (e.g., Xanax, Valium
Drug Schedule V
Ans: Very low potential for abuse, accepted medical use (e.g., cough
preparations with codeine).
Pregnancy Category A
Ans: Proven safe in human studies. No risk to the fetus
Pregnancy Category B
Ans: Animal studies show no risk; no human studies. Use if benefits
outweigh risks.
Pregnancy Category C
Ans: Animal studies show harm; no human studies. Use only if benefits
outweigh risks.
Pregnancy Category D
Ans: Evidence of risk to the fetus, but benefits may outweigh risks in some
cases.
Pregnancy Category X
Ans: Proven harmful to the fetus. Risks outweigh any benefits.
Metabolism
Ans: - The chemical alteration of a drug in the body
- Liver is the primary site of metabolism
- Also known as biotransformation
First Pass
Ans: - Medications that are extensively metabolized by the liver (mostly oral
medications)
Half Life
