MC5 – Quizlet Study Set: Eukaryotic Cells and
Microorganisms
Term Definition
Eukaryotes First appeared ~2 billion years ago; evolved from prokaryotes via symbiosis.
Flagella Long, sheathed structures for motility; 10x thicker than prokaryotic flagella.
Cilia Shorter, more numerous structures for motility, feeding, and filtering.
Glycocalyx Outermost boundary; functions in adherence, protection, and signal reception.
Cell Wall Provides structural support; fungi contain chitin or cellulose; algae vary in composition.
Cytoplasmic Membrane Bilayer with sterols; selectively permeable barrier; site of transport.
Nucleus Most prominent organelle; contains chromosomes and nucleolus.
Rough ER Studded with ribosomes; site of protein synthesis and transport.
Smooth ER Lacks ribosomes; involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
Golgi Apparatus Modifies and packages proteins; consists of cisternae.
Lysosomes Contain digestive enzymes; break down food and defend against microbes.
Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell; site of aerobic respiration and ATP production.
Chloroplast Found in algae/plants; performs photosynthesis; contains thylakoids and grana.
Ribosomes Larger than prokaryotic ones; site of protein synthesis.
Cytoskeleton Network of microfilaments and microtubules; provides support and transport.
Fungi Includes molds and yeasts; most are unicellular or colonial.
Yeast Unicellular fungi; reproduce asexually.
Hyphae Filamentous fungal structures; may form mycelium.
Dimorphic Fungi that can exist in both yeast and hyphal forms.
Mycoses Fungal infections.
Mycelium Mass of hyphae; visible fungal body.
Fungal Spores Used in reproduction; can be asexual or sexual.
Conidia Asexual fungal spores formed by mitosis.
Sporangiospores Asexual spores formed inside a sporangium.
Protista Kingdom that includes algae and protozoa.
Algae Photosynthetic organisms; contain chloroplasts.
Protozoa Unicellular, heterotrophic organisms; many have motility structures.
Trophozoite Motile, feeding stage of protozoa.
Cyst Dormant, resistant stage of protozoa.
Trypanosoma brucei Causes African sleeping sickness.
Microorganisms
Term Definition
Eukaryotes First appeared ~2 billion years ago; evolved from prokaryotes via symbiosis.
Flagella Long, sheathed structures for motility; 10x thicker than prokaryotic flagella.
Cilia Shorter, more numerous structures for motility, feeding, and filtering.
Glycocalyx Outermost boundary; functions in adherence, protection, and signal reception.
Cell Wall Provides structural support; fungi contain chitin or cellulose; algae vary in composition.
Cytoplasmic Membrane Bilayer with sterols; selectively permeable barrier; site of transport.
Nucleus Most prominent organelle; contains chromosomes and nucleolus.
Rough ER Studded with ribosomes; site of protein synthesis and transport.
Smooth ER Lacks ribosomes; involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
Golgi Apparatus Modifies and packages proteins; consists of cisternae.
Lysosomes Contain digestive enzymes; break down food and defend against microbes.
Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell; site of aerobic respiration and ATP production.
Chloroplast Found in algae/plants; performs photosynthesis; contains thylakoids and grana.
Ribosomes Larger than prokaryotic ones; site of protein synthesis.
Cytoskeleton Network of microfilaments and microtubules; provides support and transport.
Fungi Includes molds and yeasts; most are unicellular or colonial.
Yeast Unicellular fungi; reproduce asexually.
Hyphae Filamentous fungal structures; may form mycelium.
Dimorphic Fungi that can exist in both yeast and hyphal forms.
Mycoses Fungal infections.
Mycelium Mass of hyphae; visible fungal body.
Fungal Spores Used in reproduction; can be asexual or sexual.
Conidia Asexual fungal spores formed by mitosis.
Sporangiospores Asexual spores formed inside a sporangium.
Protista Kingdom that includes algae and protozoa.
Algae Photosynthetic organisms; contain chloroplasts.
Protozoa Unicellular, heterotrophic organisms; many have motility structures.
Trophozoite Motile, feeding stage of protozoa.
Cyst Dormant, resistant stage of protozoa.
Trypanosoma brucei Causes African sleeping sickness.
