Sports Nutrition Review exam 2 Questions and Answers Fully Solved Latest Version 2025-
2026
Vitamin A - Answers Names: in animal sources: retional, retinal, and retinoic acid
in plant sources: beta carotene
Major physiological functions: overall health of cells and membranes; beta carotene is an
antioxidant
Solubility: fat
Deficiency disease: hypovitaminosis a
Symptoms of deficiency: night/permanent blindness, more frequent and severe infections, lack
of growth, inability to reproduce
Symptoms of toxicity: blurred vision, lack of growth, birth defects, hemorrhaging, live failure; can
be fatal
Food sources: liver, fish oil, milk, and milk products, dark-green leafy veggies, orange fruits and
veggies
Other: excess beta carotene from supplements is associated with pro oxidant not anti oxidant
functions, may promote tumor growth in smokers
Fat soluble - Answers Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K
• They are abosrbed slowly and transport in the blood requires carrier
• stored in liver cells and adipose (fat) cells
• each vitamin has recommended daily intake (RDI) but ability to store these vitamins means
daily intake can vary without immediate risk
• more likely toxic at high doses
Water soluble - Answers B complex vitamins: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic acid,
biotin, folic acid, vitamin b6, vitamin b12, and vitamin c
• easily absorbed and transported in the blood without need for carrier
• no designated storage sites
• less likely toxic in high doses
• saturation/excretion system works exceptionally well and no toxicity symptoms have been
reported for some water soluble vitamins including b1, b2, b12, pantothenic acid, and biotin
,Which vitamins are antioxidants? - Answers vitamin e
• vitamin c
• vitamin a
Which vitamins are involved in energy metabolism? - Answers Thiamin
• Riboflavin
• Niacin
• Pyridoxine
• Pantothenic acid and biotin
food sources of calcium - Answers -Milk
-Milk products
-Dark green leafy vegetables
-Salmon
-Calcium-fortified foods such as breads and cereals
Food sources of B12 - Answers animal derived foods and fortified products; NOT found in plant
foods
food sources of vitamin D - Answers oily fish, egg yolks, fortified milk
Functions and roles of minerals - Answers
Macrominerals - Answers calcium
phosphorus
magnesium
sodium
potassium
chloride
sulfur
Microminerals - Answers iron
zinc
, copper
fluorine
iodine
chromium
selenium
manganese
molybdenum
cobalt
silicon
boron
nickel
vanadium
Different electrolytes - Answers
food sources of calcium - Answers -Milk
-Milk products
-Dark green leafy vegetables
-Salmon
-Calcium-fortified foods such as breads and cereals
Food sources of iron - Answers breads
cereals
dark green vegetables
dried fruits
egg yolk
legumes
liver
2026
Vitamin A - Answers Names: in animal sources: retional, retinal, and retinoic acid
in plant sources: beta carotene
Major physiological functions: overall health of cells and membranes; beta carotene is an
antioxidant
Solubility: fat
Deficiency disease: hypovitaminosis a
Symptoms of deficiency: night/permanent blindness, more frequent and severe infections, lack
of growth, inability to reproduce
Symptoms of toxicity: blurred vision, lack of growth, birth defects, hemorrhaging, live failure; can
be fatal
Food sources: liver, fish oil, milk, and milk products, dark-green leafy veggies, orange fruits and
veggies
Other: excess beta carotene from supplements is associated with pro oxidant not anti oxidant
functions, may promote tumor growth in smokers
Fat soluble - Answers Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K
• They are abosrbed slowly and transport in the blood requires carrier
• stored in liver cells and adipose (fat) cells
• each vitamin has recommended daily intake (RDI) but ability to store these vitamins means
daily intake can vary without immediate risk
• more likely toxic at high doses
Water soluble - Answers B complex vitamins: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic acid,
biotin, folic acid, vitamin b6, vitamin b12, and vitamin c
• easily absorbed and transported in the blood without need for carrier
• no designated storage sites
• less likely toxic in high doses
• saturation/excretion system works exceptionally well and no toxicity symptoms have been
reported for some water soluble vitamins including b1, b2, b12, pantothenic acid, and biotin
,Which vitamins are antioxidants? - Answers vitamin e
• vitamin c
• vitamin a
Which vitamins are involved in energy metabolism? - Answers Thiamin
• Riboflavin
• Niacin
• Pyridoxine
• Pantothenic acid and biotin
food sources of calcium - Answers -Milk
-Milk products
-Dark green leafy vegetables
-Salmon
-Calcium-fortified foods such as breads and cereals
Food sources of B12 - Answers animal derived foods and fortified products; NOT found in plant
foods
food sources of vitamin D - Answers oily fish, egg yolks, fortified milk
Functions and roles of minerals - Answers
Macrominerals - Answers calcium
phosphorus
magnesium
sodium
potassium
chloride
sulfur
Microminerals - Answers iron
zinc
, copper
fluorine
iodine
chromium
selenium
manganese
molybdenum
cobalt
silicon
boron
nickel
vanadium
Different electrolytes - Answers
food sources of calcium - Answers -Milk
-Milk products
-Dark green leafy vegetables
-Salmon
-Calcium-fortified foods such as breads and cereals
Food sources of iron - Answers breads
cereals
dark green vegetables
dried fruits
egg yolk
legumes
liver
