PN 2003 Final Exam Questions With
100% Correct Answers (2025-2026)
Graded A+.
Insulin - Answer A protein hormone secreted by the pancreas that is essential for the
metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood.
insulin independence - Answer Ability of a client's own naturally produced insulin to regulate
blood glucose levels within consistently normal ranges.
insulin resistance - Answer the inability of the cells to respond to insulin
What is hyperglycemia? - Answer high blood glucose levels
what are signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia - Answer Polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria,
fatigue, and blurred vision - later signs include pruritis, dry mouth, confusion, fruity odor of the
breath, abdominal pain, or coma.
What is hypoglycemia? - Answer low blood glucose levels
what are signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia - Answer Shakiness, anxiety, nervousness,
diaphoresis, palpitations, coldness, and a headache - late signs include seizures, loss of
consciousness, and death.
What is Alzheimer's disease? - Answer Dementia that is characterized behaviorally by
anterograde amnesia (can remember the past but cannot form new memories). Visual memory
is also impaired, leading to confusion with regard to orientation.
Stages of Alzheimer's Disease - Answer Stage 1. No apparent symptoms
Stage 2. Forgetfulness
Stage 3. Mild cognitive decline
Stage 4. Mild-to-moderate cognitive decline
Stage 5. Moderate cognitive decline
, what are characteristics of vascular dementia? - Answer Vascular Dementia is caused by small
cerebral infarctions. Brain damage may be local or systemic, the onset is more rapid, and the
disease progresses more predictably
onset of cognitive deficits associated with stroke
- abrupt onset of signs and symptoms
- infarctions are seen on cerebral imaging
caused by damage to the brain from small infarctions
caused by circulatory problems with insufficient blood flow and oxygen reaching the brain
Risk factors include
- smoking - vasoconstriction constricts the flow of blood to the brain
- hypertension
- hyperlipidemia - atherosclerosis causes narrowed blood flow to brain
- inactivity
- history of stoke or cardiovascular disease
What is dementia? S&S? What is front temporal dementia? - Answer Dementia is an
irreversible, progressive impairment in cognitive function, affecting
- memory
- orientation
- judgement
- reasoning
- attention span
- language and problem-solving skills
1. Memory Impairment
2. Aphasia: difficulty speaking
3. Apraxia: speech muscle impairment
4. Agnosia: inability to recognize faces, objects, or places
5. Disturbance in executive functioning
Signs and symptoms of dementia - Answer Impairment in abstract thinking, judgment, and
impulse control
Disregard for the conventional rules of social conduct
100% Correct Answers (2025-2026)
Graded A+.
Insulin - Answer A protein hormone secreted by the pancreas that is essential for the
metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood.
insulin independence - Answer Ability of a client's own naturally produced insulin to regulate
blood glucose levels within consistently normal ranges.
insulin resistance - Answer the inability of the cells to respond to insulin
What is hyperglycemia? - Answer high blood glucose levels
what are signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia - Answer Polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria,
fatigue, and blurred vision - later signs include pruritis, dry mouth, confusion, fruity odor of the
breath, abdominal pain, or coma.
What is hypoglycemia? - Answer low blood glucose levels
what are signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia - Answer Shakiness, anxiety, nervousness,
diaphoresis, palpitations, coldness, and a headache - late signs include seizures, loss of
consciousness, and death.
What is Alzheimer's disease? - Answer Dementia that is characterized behaviorally by
anterograde amnesia (can remember the past but cannot form new memories). Visual memory
is also impaired, leading to confusion with regard to orientation.
Stages of Alzheimer's Disease - Answer Stage 1. No apparent symptoms
Stage 2. Forgetfulness
Stage 3. Mild cognitive decline
Stage 4. Mild-to-moderate cognitive decline
Stage 5. Moderate cognitive decline
, what are characteristics of vascular dementia? - Answer Vascular Dementia is caused by small
cerebral infarctions. Brain damage may be local or systemic, the onset is more rapid, and the
disease progresses more predictably
onset of cognitive deficits associated with stroke
- abrupt onset of signs and symptoms
- infarctions are seen on cerebral imaging
caused by damage to the brain from small infarctions
caused by circulatory problems with insufficient blood flow and oxygen reaching the brain
Risk factors include
- smoking - vasoconstriction constricts the flow of blood to the brain
- hypertension
- hyperlipidemia - atherosclerosis causes narrowed blood flow to brain
- inactivity
- history of stoke or cardiovascular disease
What is dementia? S&S? What is front temporal dementia? - Answer Dementia is an
irreversible, progressive impairment in cognitive function, affecting
- memory
- orientation
- judgement
- reasoning
- attention span
- language and problem-solving skills
1. Memory Impairment
2. Aphasia: difficulty speaking
3. Apraxia: speech muscle impairment
4. Agnosia: inability to recognize faces, objects, or places
5. Disturbance in executive functioning
Signs and symptoms of dementia - Answer Impairment in abstract thinking, judgment, and
impulse control
Disregard for the conventional rules of social conduct
