RNSG 1341 DIABETES EXAM 2025
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas using _________________________________ -
ANS Beta cells
___________________________________ Is Continuously released to regulate glucose -
ANS insulin
Insulin Transports glucose across cell membrane to be used as
______________________________________________ - ANS energy
Counterregulatory hormones oppose the effects of insulin - ANS Glucagon (alpha cells)
Epinephrine
Growth hormone
Cortisol
blood sugar is too low what IM injections raises blood glucose???? - ANS Glucagon
when does growth hormones secrete????? - ANS 2-4 in the morning while we sleep
Blood glucose range: ________________________________________ - ANS 70 -99 mg/dl
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, A1c less than ___________________________ - ANS 5.7%
A1c is a __________ month average.
we look at the Hemaglobin to see if the sticky substance is present and block receptor sites. -
ANS 3
What is Diabetes? - ANS is a chronic multisystem disease characterized by hyperglycemia
related to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization, or both.
Over 25 million people live with diabetes
Approximately 7 million people are undiagnosed
Seventh leading cause of death in United States
Annual cost of diabetes is over $174 billion
Long term complications include blindness, ESRD, Amputations, heart attack, and stroke -
ANS
Type 1 - ANS Absolute lack of insulin
Type 2 - ANS Insulin resistance with insulin secretory defect
Type 3 - ANS Due to pancreatic trauma, neoplasm, other endocrine disorders
Type 4 - ANS Gestational diabetes
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, Genetics - ANS Idiopathic Type 1
Human leukocyte antigens (HLA)- antigen that attacks the cells
Family member with diabetes
Genetic mutation
Autoimmune - ANS Type 1 auto destruction of beta cells
Environmental factors - ANS Type 1 and Type 2 may be exposed
to virus in utero or after birth
Who is at risk for diabetes?
Type 1 - ANS Increased risk within families
Who is at risk for diabetes?
Type 2 - ANS Increased risk within families
Obesity
Sedentary lifestyle
People with hypertension and hyperlipidemia
Pacific Islanders, Native Hawaiians, African
Americans, Asian Americans, American Indians, Mexican Americans
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, Type 1 Diabetes - ANS Mostly young people
Abrupt onset
5-10% of people living with diabetes
Absolute lack of insulin secretion
Islet cell antibodies often present
Present with polydipsia(excessively thirsty),
polyphagia (extremely hungry
but keep losing weight,
polyuria(excessive urination),
fatigue, weight loss
Must use exogenous insulin for lifetime
Type 2 Diabetes - ANS Mostly over age 35 but more children are being diagnosed
Slow onset, may be 10 years before diagnosed
Approximately 90% of people living with diabetes
4
Page
@COPYRIGHT FYNDLAY 2025/2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas using _________________________________ -
ANS Beta cells
___________________________________ Is Continuously released to regulate glucose -
ANS insulin
Insulin Transports glucose across cell membrane to be used as
______________________________________________ - ANS energy
Counterregulatory hormones oppose the effects of insulin - ANS Glucagon (alpha cells)
Epinephrine
Growth hormone
Cortisol
blood sugar is too low what IM injections raises blood glucose???? - ANS Glucagon
when does growth hormones secrete????? - ANS 2-4 in the morning while we sleep
Blood glucose range: ________________________________________ - ANS 70 -99 mg/dl
1
Page
@COPYRIGHT FYNDLAY 2025/2026
, A1c less than ___________________________ - ANS 5.7%
A1c is a __________ month average.
we look at the Hemaglobin to see if the sticky substance is present and block receptor sites. -
ANS 3
What is Diabetes? - ANS is a chronic multisystem disease characterized by hyperglycemia
related to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization, or both.
Over 25 million people live with diabetes
Approximately 7 million people are undiagnosed
Seventh leading cause of death in United States
Annual cost of diabetes is over $174 billion
Long term complications include blindness, ESRD, Amputations, heart attack, and stroke -
ANS
Type 1 - ANS Absolute lack of insulin
Type 2 - ANS Insulin resistance with insulin secretory defect
Type 3 - ANS Due to pancreatic trauma, neoplasm, other endocrine disorders
Type 4 - ANS Gestational diabetes
2
Page
@COPYRIGHT FYNDLAY 2025/2026
, Genetics - ANS Idiopathic Type 1
Human leukocyte antigens (HLA)- antigen that attacks the cells
Family member with diabetes
Genetic mutation
Autoimmune - ANS Type 1 auto destruction of beta cells
Environmental factors - ANS Type 1 and Type 2 may be exposed
to virus in utero or after birth
Who is at risk for diabetes?
Type 1 - ANS Increased risk within families
Who is at risk for diabetes?
Type 2 - ANS Increased risk within families
Obesity
Sedentary lifestyle
People with hypertension and hyperlipidemia
Pacific Islanders, Native Hawaiians, African
Americans, Asian Americans, American Indians, Mexican Americans
3
Page
@COPYRIGHT FYNDLAY 2025/2026
, Type 1 Diabetes - ANS Mostly young people
Abrupt onset
5-10% of people living with diabetes
Absolute lack of insulin secretion
Islet cell antibodies often present
Present with polydipsia(excessively thirsty),
polyphagia (extremely hungry
but keep losing weight,
polyuria(excessive urination),
fatigue, weight loss
Must use exogenous insulin for lifetime
Type 2 Diabetes - ANS Mostly over age 35 but more children are being diagnosed
Slow onset, may be 10 years before diagnosed
Approximately 90% of people living with diabetes
4
Page
@COPYRIGHT FYNDLAY 2025/2026
