Capella) NURS6202 Advanced
Pathophysiology Final Exam Guide Q &
A 2025 . TESTING VERSIONS OF THE
EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS/EXPERT VERIFIED FOR
GUARANTEED PASS!/LATEST UPDATE
anemia - ,,,,,answer,,,,..A condition in which the blood is
deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total
volume. (Hgb and HCT)
can be blood loss, destruction (hemolysis, sickle cell disease,
some meds, blood mismatch, trauma) ,or decreased
production of RBCs (iron deficiency, kidney disease)
immunotherapy targeted therapy and hormone (don't need
to know for exam) - ,,,,,answer,,,,..•Hormone Therapy
oTreats specific hormone driven disease,
oExample: Tamoxifen is an estrogen blocker, ER+ breast
cancer
•Immunotherapies
oBoost own immune system to fight cancer
oExample: interleukin-2 stimulates T and B cells
•Targeted Therapies
oAvoids normal cells and targets specific cell types
oExample: Herceptin for HER 2+ tumors
•Side effects (Immunotherapy/Targeted Therapy):
,oExamples: Flu-like symptoms, fatigue
oManage: Plan rest periods, Assist with ADL's, Monitor
vitals, monitor oral intake
hematopoietic stem cell transplant -
,,,,,answer,,,,..•Indications:
oLeukemia
oLymphoma
•Complications:
oinfections
•Prophylactic antibiotics following HSCT
complications resulting from cancer -
,,,,,answer,,,,..•Malnutrition (altered sense of taste and smell)
oMonitor albumin and pre-albumin levels
oTeach high calorie, high protein foods
oNutritional supplements
•Altered sense of taste
oTeach use of different spices (lemon, onion, mint)
•Infection (Primary cause of death)
oTeach S/S of infection
oCall MD if T>100.5
Oncological Obstructive Emergencies-Vena Cava -
,,,,,answer,,,,..Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
•Obstruction by tumor or thrombosis
oS/S: Facial edema, Distended neck veins, HA, seizure
oLung, and breast tumors, and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
oTX: Radiation
,Oncological Obstructive Emergencies-Spinal Compression -
,,,,,answer,,,,..Spinal Cord Compression
•Malignant tumor in the epidural space
oS/S: Back pain, change in bowel and bladder function
oBreast, lung, prostate, GI, and renal tumors
oTX: Radiation and corticosteroids
metabolic emergencies - ,,,,,answer,,,,..Syndrome of
Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH)
oLung cancer most common w this
oS/S: Weight gain without edema, weakness, anorexia, n/v
oTX: Fluid restriction, 3% NS infusion
Hypercalcemia
oMetastatic bone ca
oS/S: Depression, fatigue, muscle weakness, elevated serum
calcium levels
oTX: Hydration and diuretics
Infiltrative emergencies - ,,,,,answer,,,,..Cardiac Tamponade
•Fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac, constriction of the
pericardium or pericarditis from radiation
oS/S: Heavy chest, dyspnea, tachycardia, cough
oEMERGENCY TREATMENT Remove fluid
pain - ,,,,,answer,,,,..•Patient report
oHigh percent of cancer patients have moderate to severe
pain
oMild/moderate/severe
•Drug therapy for pain control
, oUnder treatment of pain is common
oFear of addiction
•Nonpharmacologic interventions
symptom interpretation model - ,,,,,answer,,,,..how would you
rate your pain on scale of 1 to 10
everyone has different interpretations take that into
consideration
symptom management model - ,,,,,answer,,,,..> 3 related
symptoms that occur at the same time
ex: Psychoneurological symptom cluster =Depressive
symptoms, cognitive disturbance, fatigue, sleep disturbance,
pain
**idea is that if you treat one symptom in a cluster, you may
be able to tx other symptoms
psychological support - ,,,,,answer,,,,..•Emphasis -optimal
quality of life.
•
•Common fears
•
•Patient coping experiences
•
•Supportive actions for patient and family
•
•Cancer Survivorship
Solari-Twadell's Pinwheel Model of Bereavement -
,,,,,answer,,,,..•Views loss as unique, lived experience
Pathophysiology Final Exam Guide Q &
A 2025 . TESTING VERSIONS OF THE
EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS/EXPERT VERIFIED FOR
GUARANTEED PASS!/LATEST UPDATE
anemia - ,,,,,answer,,,,..A condition in which the blood is
deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total
volume. (Hgb and HCT)
can be blood loss, destruction (hemolysis, sickle cell disease,
some meds, blood mismatch, trauma) ,or decreased
production of RBCs (iron deficiency, kidney disease)
immunotherapy targeted therapy and hormone (don't need
to know for exam) - ,,,,,answer,,,,..•Hormone Therapy
oTreats specific hormone driven disease,
oExample: Tamoxifen is an estrogen blocker, ER+ breast
cancer
•Immunotherapies
oBoost own immune system to fight cancer
oExample: interleukin-2 stimulates T and B cells
•Targeted Therapies
oAvoids normal cells and targets specific cell types
oExample: Herceptin for HER 2+ tumors
•Side effects (Immunotherapy/Targeted Therapy):
,oExamples: Flu-like symptoms, fatigue
oManage: Plan rest periods, Assist with ADL's, Monitor
vitals, monitor oral intake
hematopoietic stem cell transplant -
,,,,,answer,,,,..•Indications:
oLeukemia
oLymphoma
•Complications:
oinfections
•Prophylactic antibiotics following HSCT
complications resulting from cancer -
,,,,,answer,,,,..•Malnutrition (altered sense of taste and smell)
oMonitor albumin and pre-albumin levels
oTeach high calorie, high protein foods
oNutritional supplements
•Altered sense of taste
oTeach use of different spices (lemon, onion, mint)
•Infection (Primary cause of death)
oTeach S/S of infection
oCall MD if T>100.5
Oncological Obstructive Emergencies-Vena Cava -
,,,,,answer,,,,..Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
•Obstruction by tumor or thrombosis
oS/S: Facial edema, Distended neck veins, HA, seizure
oLung, and breast tumors, and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
oTX: Radiation
,Oncological Obstructive Emergencies-Spinal Compression -
,,,,,answer,,,,..Spinal Cord Compression
•Malignant tumor in the epidural space
oS/S: Back pain, change in bowel and bladder function
oBreast, lung, prostate, GI, and renal tumors
oTX: Radiation and corticosteroids
metabolic emergencies - ,,,,,answer,,,,..Syndrome of
Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH)
oLung cancer most common w this
oS/S: Weight gain without edema, weakness, anorexia, n/v
oTX: Fluid restriction, 3% NS infusion
Hypercalcemia
oMetastatic bone ca
oS/S: Depression, fatigue, muscle weakness, elevated serum
calcium levels
oTX: Hydration and diuretics
Infiltrative emergencies - ,,,,,answer,,,,..Cardiac Tamponade
•Fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac, constriction of the
pericardium or pericarditis from radiation
oS/S: Heavy chest, dyspnea, tachycardia, cough
oEMERGENCY TREATMENT Remove fluid
pain - ,,,,,answer,,,,..•Patient report
oHigh percent of cancer patients have moderate to severe
pain
oMild/moderate/severe
•Drug therapy for pain control
, oUnder treatment of pain is common
oFear of addiction
•Nonpharmacologic interventions
symptom interpretation model - ,,,,,answer,,,,..how would you
rate your pain on scale of 1 to 10
everyone has different interpretations take that into
consideration
symptom management model - ,,,,,answer,,,,..> 3 related
symptoms that occur at the same time
ex: Psychoneurological symptom cluster =Depressive
symptoms, cognitive disturbance, fatigue, sleep disturbance,
pain
**idea is that if you treat one symptom in a cluster, you may
be able to tx other symptoms
psychological support - ,,,,,answer,,,,..•Emphasis -optimal
quality of life.
•
•Common fears
•
•Patient coping experiences
•
•Supportive actions for patient and family
•
•Cancer Survivorship
Solari-Twadell's Pinwheel Model of Bereavement -
,,,,,answer,,,,..•Views loss as unique, lived experience
